Exam 2 (ch 7,8) Flashcards

1
Q

the purpose is to either change direction of a force or to increase or decrease its magnitude

A

pulleys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cervical, axillary, and inguinal

A

concentrated areas of lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

one end of rope attached to a beam; rope runs through pulley to other end where force is applied; increase the mechanical advantage of force; load (resistance) is suspended

A

movable pulley

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

deals with factors associated with nonmoving or nearly nonmoving systems

A

static

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

effort; causes the lever to move and usually muscular

A

force (f)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

two transport systems of the circulatory systems

A

cardiovascular and lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

occurs when the heart valves close; lub dub

A

heart sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

two bottom chambers of heart; thicker muscular walls to provide greater pumping force; left is 3x bigger than right

A

ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

joined at base of brain by anterior and posterior cerebral artery

A

posterior communicating artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

a type of arteriosclerosis; when fatty deposits in the artery wall cause narrowing or blockage of the vessel

A

artherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

jugular, subclavian, and lumbar; where regional nodes drain

A

lymphatic trunks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

part of a body that is in contact with the supporting surface

A

base of support (BOS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When the joint angle is near 0 (almost straight), the moment arm is small and what force is occurring that moves the two bones of the joint together?

A

stabilizing force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Av valve between left atrium and ventricle; 2 flaps

A

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the purpose is to push blood through the arteries and veins

A

heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

middle portion of thoracic cavity; where heart and all chest organ is located

A

mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

application of mechanics to the anatomy and physiology of body

A

biomechanics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

smaller duct; 1-2” long and located at base of neck on right side; right head, neck, upper extremity, upper trunk empty here; empties into right subclavian vein

A

right lymphatic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

more common in lower extremities than upper extremities; deeper veins rather than superficial veins

A

valves in veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

serves as staging areas for defense against infection from microbes and other foreign particles

A

lymphatic organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

force is in the middle with the resistance and axis at opposite ends; AFR; advantages include speed and distance; most common lever in the body

A

third class lever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

condition in which the heart can’t pump strongly enough to push an adequate supply of blood out of various parts of body; results in edema esp in feet, ankles, and lungs

A

congestive heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do magnitude and moment arm determine?

A

how much torque is produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

results when two or more forces are acting along the same line

A

linear force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

when lymph capillaries become larger and collect more lymphatic fluid; wider than veins, thinner walls and have more valves

A

lymph vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

quantity having both magnitude and direction

A

vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

strength of reaction is always equal to the strength of the action and it occurs in….

A

opposite direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

folds in inner layer of veins usually in two cusps; allow blood to flow toward heart and ill then come together to occlude the vessel when blood tries to reverse its direction of flow

A

vein valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the force effects?

A

linear, parallel, concurrent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

muscular contraction, ligamentous restraint, or bony support

A

internal force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

this circuit transports oxygen- depleted blood from the body through right side of heart (right atrium and ventricles) to lungs via pulmonary arteries; oxygenated at lungs then returned to the left side through pulmonary veins

A

pulmonary circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

commonly found at each joint to help limb receive vital, oxygenated blood if main artery becomes blocked

A

small anastomosing branches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

tissue spaces where fluid leaks out into from the capillaries; intercellular spaces

A

interstitial spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

when plasma moves into tissues; 90% returns to blood; 10% aka lymph- rich protein

A

intercellular (interstitial) fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

occurs in arteries; symptoms: develop more quickly due to higher pressure within the vessel

A

epidural bleeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

law of action-reaction; for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

A

Newton’s third law of motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

distance between the force and axis

A

force arm (fa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

movement of force; ability of force to produce rotation around an axis; rotary force; depends on amount of force exerted and distance the force is from axis; amount of force needed by a muscle contraction to cause rotary joint motion

A

torque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

simple pulley attached to a beam; acts as a first class lever with F on one side of pulley (axis) and R on the other end; used to only change direction

A

fixed pulley

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

this circuit starts in the left side of the heart (left atrium and ventricle) moves blood out to the periphery of the body via the aorta and branching arteries to the capillary beds; oxygenates the body the moves to the pulmonary circuit

A

systemic circuit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

lowest when ventricles relax to fill the blood; bottom number in blood

A

diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

any change in velocity of an object; can also deals with change in direction

A

acceleration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

branch of physics dealing with study of forces and the motion produced by their actions

A

mechanics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

series of mechanical events in right atrium

A

cardiac cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

blood clot that becomes dislodged and travels to another part of body through smaller vessels until becoming wedged causing obstruction

A

embolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

nodes can increase or decrease in size, but damaged or destroyed cannot

A

regenerate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

occurs as blood pools in vein, enlarging even morel most common in superficial veins because they’re subjected to higher pressure

A

varicose veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

collects excess extracellular fluid as lymph and transport it from periphery to venous system; helping cardiovascular system maintain adequate blood volume and pressure

A

lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

formation of a blood clot that may partially or totally block a blood vessel (artery and vein)

A

thrombosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What are the vector quanities?

A

magnitude and direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

cause ischemia, pain, and occlusion

A

blockage in leg artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

internal carotid arteries (anteriorly) and basilar artery (posterior) are joined by communicating arteries forming a circle; designed to ensure continued blood flow to the brain area should one of these major arteries fail

A

circle of willis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

carry blood toward heart; large in diameter, thin walls, less elastic, not pressurized; can contain valves b/c there’s no other positive pressure pumping blood

A

veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

objects acceleration depends:

A

strength of force applies and object’s mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

focuses in the manner in which bones move in space without regard to the movement of joint surfaces

A

osteokinematics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

refers to amount of matter that body contains

A

mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

number of times a machine multiplies the force

A

mechanical advantage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

occurs when a clot causes inflammation in a vein

A

thrombophlebities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

exists when an object’s cog is neither raised nor lowered when it’s disturbed

A

neutral equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

overall effect of these two different forces

A

resultant force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

When is torque not produced?

A

if force is directed exactly through axis of rotation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

occurs when only a slight force is needed to disturb an object

A

unstable equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

simple machine where a lever is in disguise; wheel or crank attached to and turning together with an axel; large wheel connected to a smaller wheel and typically used to increase force exerted

A

wheel and axel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

occurs in same plane and in the same or opposite direction

A

parallel force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

group of disorders involving compression or brachial plexus and/or subclavian arteries and veins within space; vascular, neurological, and muscular symptoms

A

thoracic outlet syndrom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What are the two types of force?

A

internal and external force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

end point of lymphatic system

A

subclavian vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

when you jump down onto floor off a small step, you can feel this force traveling up through your legs

A

ground reaction force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

a force is needed to overcome inertia of an object and cause the object to……

A

move, stop, or change direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

SL valve between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries

A

Pulmonary valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

state of equilibrium; when an object is balanced, all torques acting on it are even

A

stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

drains into right and left side of the body

A

vertical watershed line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

kidney bean-shaped sacs located in various places along route in vessels; filter out bacteria, cell debris, and other foreign particles from the lymph

A

lymph nodes

74
Q

tendency of force to produce rotation around an axis

A

torque

75
Q

acceleration and mass are

A

inversely proportional

76
Q

quantity describes only magnitude; ex. length, area, volume, mass

A

scalar

77
Q

deals with forces causing movement

A

kinetics

78
Q

the purpose is to provide alternative circulation if one of the vessels become blocked and helps ensue that blood will get its intended destination

A

anastomosis

79
Q

below umbilicus and drain into inguinal node

A

umbilicus horizontal line

80
Q

when lymph passes through lymph nodes, bacteria and other foreign particles are intercepted, engulfed, and digested by…..

A

white blood cells

81
Q

creates tension

A

pull

82
Q

located between all watersheds and allows for crossover if needed to support drainage

A

lymph capillary anastomeses

83
Q

torque arm; perpendicular distance from the force’s line of pull

A

moment arm

84
Q

lymph vessel segment between valves

A

angion

85
Q

fixed point around which the lever rotates; fulcrum; joint

A

axis (a)

86
Q

law of acceleration; amount of acceleration depends on strength of the force applied to an object; f=ma

A

Newton’s second law of motion

87
Q

SL valve between the left ventricle and the aorta

A

Aortic valve

88
Q

when infection is present, nodes enlarge and become tender to touch with an increase number of…….

A

lymphocytes

89
Q

push or pull action that can be respected as a vector

A

force

90
Q

occurs when a break in a blood vessel allows blood to leak out of closed system

A

hemorrhage

91
Q

describes the movement created by force which involves the time, space, and mass aspects of a moving system

A

kinematics

92
Q

all simple machines is that the advantage gained in power is lost in…..

A

distance

93
Q

two or more forces must act on a common point but must pull or push in different directions

A

concurrent force

94
Q

rigid and can rotate around a fixed point when a force is applied

A

lever

95
Q

factors associated with moving systems and can be divided into kinetics and kinematics

A

dynamics

96
Q

first node in group; “first line of defense”

A

sentinel node

97
Q

occurs in veins which are under less pressure, so symptoms develop more slowly

A

subdural bleeds

98
Q

highest during the contraction and lowest when ventricles relax to fill with blood

A

blood pressure

99
Q

consists of a grooved wheel that turns on an axel with a rope or cable riding in groove

A

pulleys

100
Q

“hardening” of arteries that slow blood flow; problem in legs and feet; vessel walls become less elastic and cannot dilate to allow greater blood flow

A

arteriosclerosis

101
Q

force developed by two surfaces, which tends to prevent motion of one surface across another

A

friction

102
Q

supply medial surface of brain

A

anterior cerebral arteries

103
Q

if moment is greater than the angular force, what is the torque?

A

greater

104
Q

where do lymph capillaries begin in most tissues?

A

intercellular spaces

105
Q

What are the simple machines?

A

lever, pulley, wheel and axel, inclined plan

106
Q

3 main groups of regional nodes

A

cervical (neck), axillary (upper extremity), inguinal (lower extremity)

107
Q

what veins do not carry deoxygenated blood?

A

left and right pulmonary veins

108
Q

occurs when an object is in a position where disturbing it would require it’s COG to be raised

A

stable equilibrium

109
Q

link between arterioles and venules; microscopic with one layer thick walls; gas exchange between oxyen and carbon dioxide occurs here

A

capillaries

110
Q

has no pump

A

lymphatic system

111
Q

force generate by the muscle results in directed at rotating; perpendicular distance between the axis and the line of pull is much larger

A

angular force

112
Q

smallest artery

A

arterioles

113
Q

involuntary muscle; provides the pumping force to move blood through blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins); not directly responsible for gas exchange; size of a closed fist

A

heart

114
Q

vector that describes speed and is measured in units such as ft/sec or mph

A

velocity

115
Q

supply lateral cerebral hemispheres

A

middle cerebral arteries

116
Q

the purpose is to transport blood from the capillaries in lungs to capillaries throughout the body

A

arteries and veins

117
Q

system that is linked directly to circulatory and immune system; contain lymph vessel and nodes

A

lymphatic system

118
Q

imaginary vertical line passing through the cog (center of gravity) toward the center of earth

A

line of gravity (log)

119
Q

joining of (or communication) like vessels at their terminal ends such as extremities and between major cerebral arteries

A

anastomosis

120
Q

have one way valves

A

lymph capillaries

121
Q

joined by right and left anterior cerebral arteries

A

anterior communicating artery

122
Q

lies between the sternum and vertebral column in the mediastinum

A

heart

123
Q

where rest of body drains (left side and right below diaphragm); enters venous circulation at left subclavian vein

A

thoracic duct

124
Q

drain skin and subcutaneous tissue forming a vast network that drain into deep lymph nodes

A

superficial lymph vessels

125
Q

lymph vessels draining above the clavicle enter

A

cervical nodes

126
Q

manner in which adjoining joint surfaces move in relation to each other

A

arthrokinematics

127
Q

abnormal outward bulging or ballooning that is often causes by weakened are in wall; may go undetected until it ruptures

A

aneurysm

128
Q

balance point of an object at which torque on all sides is equal; in the body slightly anterior to S2

A

center of gravity (COG)

129
Q

functions: lymph collection, transport, filtration, and projection

A

lymphatic system

130
Q

largest artery

A

aorta

131
Q

“throbbing” felt at various locations, caused b contraction and expansion of an artery as a wave of blood passes by a particular spot; can be palpated anywhere that an artery can be compressed against a bone and near a surface

A

pulse

132
Q

gravity or applied resistance such as weight, friction, etc

A

external force

133
Q

where lymph enters a node

A

afferent lymph vessels

134
Q

highest during contraction; top number in blood pressure

A

systole

135
Q

extra or unusual heart sounds; whooshing sound

A

heart murmur

136
Q

one object must act on another; can either be push or pull

A

force

137
Q

amount of matter in an object

A

mass

138
Q

occurs when ventricles are full and the AV valves close

A

“lub” sound

139
Q

when the joint angle is near 180 degrees, the moment arm is small and what force is occurring pulling the two bones away from each other?

A

dislocating force

140
Q

two top chambers of heart; receive blood from veins; have relatively thin muscular walls

A

atria

141
Q

lies between atria and ventricles; prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles into atria

A

Atrioventricular (AV)

142
Q

2 circuits of cardiovascular system

A

pulmonary and systemic

143
Q

as muscle increases its angular force, it decreases its stability force; at 90 degrees is the greatest angular force; beyond 90 and it becomes a dislocation force because the force is directed away from the joint

A

dislocating force

144
Q

lies between the ventricles and arteries leading out of heart; pulmonary arteries leading to lungs

A

Semilunar (SL

145
Q

from a vast network throughout most of body; not found in CNS, bones, teeth, epidermis, certain types of cartilage, or any avascular tissue; join together into larger lymph vessels

A

lymph capillaries

146
Q

creates compression

A

push

147
Q

resistance is in the muddle with the axis at one end and force at other end; ARF; the longer the fa, the easier it is to move the part; the longer the RA, the harder it is to move the part

A

second class lever

148
Q

supplies blood to heart muscle and can cause ischemia resulting in chest pain (angina)

A

coronary artery

149
Q

veins and arteries parallel each other, but blood flows

A

in opposite directions

150
Q

system that includes: blood vessels (veins and arteries), heart, closed circuit

A

cardiovascular system

151
Q

carries blood away from heart; carries oxygenated blood; strong, muscular, elastic walls and always under pressure

A

arteries

152
Q

mutual attraction between the earth and an object

A

gravity

153
Q

where lymph exists a node

A

efferent lymph vessels

154
Q

in capillary beds, oxygenated blood is exchanged for

A

deoxygenated blood

155
Q

occurs within the confines of bony skull; with nowhere for the blood to go, it can quickly put pressure on vital structures within brain, causing a stroke or death

A

cerebral hemorrhage

156
Q

where lymphatic trunks, abdominal , and chest are drain into one of two ducts that empty into venous system

A

right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

157
Q

3 main ones that separate the areas of lymph drainag; vertical and 2 horizontal lines

A

watersheds

158
Q

supply occipital lobes and part of temporal lobe

A

posterior cerebral arteries

159
Q

most common involves arm and legs; treatment often based on patters on lymph drainage; accumulation of excess lymph and swelling because of abnormal drainage, which is why drainage patterns are important

A

lymphedema

160
Q

AV between right atrium and ventricle; 3 flaps

A

tricuspid valve

161
Q

stroke from blockage in an artery or brain

A

cerebrovascular accident

162
Q

axis is located between the force and resistance; if axis is close to resistance, the ra will be shorter and fa will be longer; FAR

A

first class lever

163
Q

draining between the clavicle and the umbilicus enter

A

axillary nodes

164
Q

drain into deeper structures and tend to accompany major blood vessels

A

deep lymph vessels

165
Q

slanted surface; exchanges increased distance for less effort

A

incline plane

166
Q

always directed vertically down toward the center of earth; always directed toward the ground

A

gravitational force

167
Q

occurs when two or more forces act in different directions resulting in a turning effect

A

force couple

168
Q

when blockage of coronary artery is complete; heart attack

A

myocradial infarction

169
Q

collects excess fluid that leak out of capillaries and return it to venous system to help maintain normal blood volume and pressure

A

lymphatic system

170
Q

what arteries do not carry oxygenated blood?

A

right and left pulmonary artery

171
Q

force generated by the muscle is directed back to joint; occurs when force is directed exactly through the axis; perpendicular distance between the axis and the line of pull is very small

A

stabilizing force

172
Q

property of matter that cause it to resist any change of its motion in either speed or direction

A

inertia

173
Q

linked to both the cardiovascular and immune system; collects fluid and proteins that have leaked out and returns them to venous circulation; partially open system and moves fluid from the periphery to the subclavian veins

A

lymphatic system

174
Q

law of inertia; an object tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion

A

Newton’s first law of motion

175
Q

3 basic types of blood vessels

A

arteries, veins, capillaries

176
Q

inflammation of vein

A

phlebitis

177
Q

distance between the resistance and axis

A

resistance arm (ra)

178
Q

functioned by allowing blood to flow through the heart in one direction (4)

A

heart valves

179
Q

purpose is immune system and filtration and protection; helps immune system by filtering bacteria, viruses, and waste products, and other foreign matter by producing specific antibodies that help fight infection and defend against invasion

A

lymphatic system

180
Q

has 4 chambers (2 atria and 2 ventricles)

A

heart

181
Q

occurs when SL valve close to prevent blood from flowing back into ventricles when ventricle relaxes

A

“dub” sound

182
Q

load; must be overcome for motion to occur can include the weight of the part being moved (arm, leg, etc), pull of gravity on the part, or an external weight being moved by body part

A

resistance (r)