Exam 2 (ch 7,8) Flashcards
the purpose is to either change direction of a force or to increase or decrease its magnitude
pulleys
cervical, axillary, and inguinal
concentrated areas of lymph nodes
one end of rope attached to a beam; rope runs through pulley to other end where force is applied; increase the mechanical advantage of force; load (resistance) is suspended
movable pulley
deals with factors associated with nonmoving or nearly nonmoving systems
static
effort; causes the lever to move and usually muscular
force (f)
two transport systems of the circulatory systems
cardiovascular and lymphatic system
occurs when the heart valves close; lub dub
heart sounds
two bottom chambers of heart; thicker muscular walls to provide greater pumping force; left is 3x bigger than right
ventricles
joined at base of brain by anterior and posterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
a type of arteriosclerosis; when fatty deposits in the artery wall cause narrowing or blockage of the vessel
artherosclerosis
jugular, subclavian, and lumbar; where regional nodes drain
lymphatic trunks
part of a body that is in contact with the supporting surface
base of support (BOS)
When the joint angle is near 0 (almost straight), the moment arm is small and what force is occurring that moves the two bones of the joint together?
stabilizing force
Av valve between left atrium and ventricle; 2 flaps
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
the purpose is to push blood through the arteries and veins
heart
middle portion of thoracic cavity; where heart and all chest organ is located
mediastinum
application of mechanics to the anatomy and physiology of body
biomechanics
smaller duct; 1-2” long and located at base of neck on right side; right head, neck, upper extremity, upper trunk empty here; empties into right subclavian vein
right lymphatic duct
more common in lower extremities than upper extremities; deeper veins rather than superficial veins
valves in veins
serves as staging areas for defense against infection from microbes and other foreign particles
lymphatic organs
force is in the middle with the resistance and axis at opposite ends; AFR; advantages include speed and distance; most common lever in the body
third class lever
condition in which the heart can’t pump strongly enough to push an adequate supply of blood out of various parts of body; results in edema esp in feet, ankles, and lungs
congestive heart failure
What do magnitude and moment arm determine?
how much torque is produced
results when two or more forces are acting along the same line
linear force
when lymph capillaries become larger and collect more lymphatic fluid; wider than veins, thinner walls and have more valves
lymph vessels
quantity having both magnitude and direction
vector
strength of reaction is always equal to the strength of the action and it occurs in….
opposite direction
folds in inner layer of veins usually in two cusps; allow blood to flow toward heart and ill then come together to occlude the vessel when blood tries to reverse its direction of flow
vein valves
What are the force effects?
linear, parallel, concurrent
muscular contraction, ligamentous restraint, or bony support
internal force
this circuit transports oxygen- depleted blood from the body through right side of heart (right atrium and ventricles) to lungs via pulmonary arteries; oxygenated at lungs then returned to the left side through pulmonary veins
pulmonary circuit
commonly found at each joint to help limb receive vital, oxygenated blood if main artery becomes blocked
small anastomosing branches
tissue spaces where fluid leaks out into from the capillaries; intercellular spaces
interstitial spaces
when plasma moves into tissues; 90% returns to blood; 10% aka lymph- rich protein
intercellular (interstitial) fluid
occurs in arteries; symptoms: develop more quickly due to higher pressure within the vessel
epidural bleeds
law of action-reaction; for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Newton’s third law of motion
distance between the force and axis
force arm (fa)
movement of force; ability of force to produce rotation around an axis; rotary force; depends on amount of force exerted and distance the force is from axis; amount of force needed by a muscle contraction to cause rotary joint motion
torque
simple pulley attached to a beam; acts as a first class lever with F on one side of pulley (axis) and R on the other end; used to only change direction
fixed pulley
this circuit starts in the left side of the heart (left atrium and ventricle) moves blood out to the periphery of the body via the aorta and branching arteries to the capillary beds; oxygenates the body the moves to the pulmonary circuit
systemic circuit
lowest when ventricles relax to fill the blood; bottom number in blood
diastole
any change in velocity of an object; can also deals with change in direction
acceleration
branch of physics dealing with study of forces and the motion produced by their actions
mechanics
series of mechanical events in right atrium
cardiac cycle
blood clot that becomes dislodged and travels to another part of body through smaller vessels until becoming wedged causing obstruction
embolism
nodes can increase or decrease in size, but damaged or destroyed cannot
regenerate
occurs as blood pools in vein, enlarging even morel most common in superficial veins because they’re subjected to higher pressure
varicose veins
collects excess extracellular fluid as lymph and transport it from periphery to venous system; helping cardiovascular system maintain adequate blood volume and pressure
lymphatic system
formation of a blood clot that may partially or totally block a blood vessel (artery and vein)
thrombosis
What are the vector quanities?
magnitude and direction
cause ischemia, pain, and occlusion
blockage in leg artery
internal carotid arteries (anteriorly) and basilar artery (posterior) are joined by communicating arteries forming a circle; designed to ensure continued blood flow to the brain area should one of these major arteries fail
circle of willis
carry blood toward heart; large in diameter, thin walls, less elastic, not pressurized; can contain valves b/c there’s no other positive pressure pumping blood
veins
objects acceleration depends:
strength of force applies and object’s mass
focuses in the manner in which bones move in space without regard to the movement of joint surfaces
osteokinematics
refers to amount of matter that body contains
mass
number of times a machine multiplies the force
mechanical advantage
occurs when a clot causes inflammation in a vein
thrombophlebities
exists when an object’s cog is neither raised nor lowered when it’s disturbed
neutral equilibrium
overall effect of these two different forces
resultant force
When is torque not produced?
if force is directed exactly through axis of rotation
occurs when only a slight force is needed to disturb an object
unstable equilibrium
simple machine where a lever is in disguise; wheel or crank attached to and turning together with an axel; large wheel connected to a smaller wheel and typically used to increase force exerted
wheel and axel
occurs in same plane and in the same or opposite direction
parallel force
group of disorders involving compression or brachial plexus and/or subclavian arteries and veins within space; vascular, neurological, and muscular symptoms
thoracic outlet syndrom
What are the two types of force?
internal and external force
end point of lymphatic system
subclavian vein
when you jump down onto floor off a small step, you can feel this force traveling up through your legs
ground reaction force
a force is needed to overcome inertia of an object and cause the object to……
move, stop, or change direction
SL valve between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary valve
state of equilibrium; when an object is balanced, all torques acting on it are even
stability
drains into right and left side of the body
vertical watershed line