Exam 2 (ch 7,8) Flashcards
1
Q
the purpose is to either change direction of a force or to increase or decrease its magnitude
A
pulleys
2
Q
cervical, axillary, and inguinal
A
concentrated areas of lymph nodes
3
Q
one end of rope attached to a beam; rope runs through pulley to other end where force is applied; increase the mechanical advantage of force; load (resistance) is suspended
A
movable pulley
4
Q
deals with factors associated with nonmoving or nearly nonmoving systems
A
static
5
Q
effort; causes the lever to move and usually muscular
A
force (f)
6
Q
two transport systems of the circulatory systems
A
cardiovascular and lymphatic system
7
Q
occurs when the heart valves close; lub dub
A
heart sounds
8
Q
two bottom chambers of heart; thicker muscular walls to provide greater pumping force; left is 3x bigger than right
A
ventricles
9
Q
joined at base of brain by anterior and posterior cerebral artery
A
posterior communicating artery
10
Q
a type of arteriosclerosis; when fatty deposits in the artery wall cause narrowing or blockage of the vessel
A
artherosclerosis
11
Q
jugular, subclavian, and lumbar; where regional nodes drain
A
lymphatic trunks
12
Q
part of a body that is in contact with the supporting surface
A
base of support (BOS)
13
Q
When the joint angle is near 0 (almost straight), the moment arm is small and what force is occurring that moves the two bones of the joint together?
A
stabilizing force
14
Q
Av valve between left atrium and ventricle; 2 flaps
A
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
15
Q
the purpose is to push blood through the arteries and veins
A
heart
16
Q
middle portion of thoracic cavity; where heart and all chest organ is located
A
mediastinum
17
Q
application of mechanics to the anatomy and physiology of body
A
biomechanics
18
Q
smaller duct; 1-2” long and located at base of neck on right side; right head, neck, upper extremity, upper trunk empty here; empties into right subclavian vein
A
right lymphatic duct
19
Q
more common in lower extremities than upper extremities; deeper veins rather than superficial veins
A
valves in veins
20
Q
serves as staging areas for defense against infection from microbes and other foreign particles
A
lymphatic organs
21
Q
force is in the middle with the resistance and axis at opposite ends; AFR; advantages include speed and distance; most common lever in the body
A
third class lever
22
Q
condition in which the heart can’t pump strongly enough to push an adequate supply of blood out of various parts of body; results in edema esp in feet, ankles, and lungs
A
congestive heart failure
23
Q
What do magnitude and moment arm determine?
A
how much torque is produced
24
Q
results when two or more forces are acting along the same line
A
linear force
25
when lymph capillaries become larger and collect more lymphatic fluid; wider than veins, thinner walls and have more valves
lymph vessels
26
quantity having both magnitude and direction
vector
27
strength of reaction is always equal to the strength of the action and it occurs in....
opposite direction
28
folds in inner layer of veins usually in two cusps; allow blood to flow toward heart and ill then come together to occlude the vessel when blood tries to reverse its direction of flow
vein valves
29
What are the force effects?
linear, parallel, concurrent
30
muscular contraction, ligamentous restraint, or bony support
internal force
31
this circuit transports oxygen- depleted blood from the body through right side of heart (right atrium and ventricles) to lungs via pulmonary arteries; oxygenated at lungs then returned to the left side through pulmonary veins
pulmonary circuit
32
commonly found at each joint to help limb receive vital, oxygenated blood if main artery becomes blocked
small anastomosing branches
33
tissue spaces where fluid leaks out into from the capillaries; intercellular spaces
interstitial spaces
34
when plasma moves into tissues; 90% returns to blood; 10% aka lymph- rich protein
intercellular (interstitial) fluid
35
occurs in arteries; symptoms: develop more quickly due to higher pressure within the vessel
epidural bleeds
36
law of action-reaction; for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Newton's third law of motion
37
distance between the force and axis
force arm (fa)
38
movement of force; ability of force to produce rotation around an axis; rotary force; depends on amount of force exerted and distance the force is from axis; amount of force needed by a muscle contraction to cause rotary joint motion
torque
39
simple pulley attached to a beam; acts as a first class lever with F on one side of pulley (axis) and R on the other end; used to only change direction
fixed pulley
40
this circuit starts in the left side of the heart (left atrium and ventricle) moves blood out to the periphery of the body via the aorta and branching arteries to the capillary beds; oxygenates the body the moves to the pulmonary circuit
systemic circuit
41
lowest when ventricles relax to fill the blood; bottom number in blood
diastole
42
any change in velocity of an object; can also deals with change in direction
acceleration
43
branch of physics dealing with study of forces and the motion produced by their actions
mechanics
44
series of mechanical events in right atrium
cardiac cycle
45
blood clot that becomes dislodged and travels to another part of body through smaller vessels until becoming wedged causing obstruction
embolism
46
nodes can increase or decrease in size, but damaged or destroyed cannot
regenerate
47
occurs as blood pools in vein, enlarging even morel most common in superficial veins because they're subjected to higher pressure
varicose veins
48
collects excess extracellular fluid as lymph and transport it from periphery to venous system; helping cardiovascular system maintain adequate blood volume and pressure
lymphatic system
49
formation of a blood clot that may partially or totally block a blood vessel (artery and vein)
thrombosis
50
What are the vector quanities?
magnitude and direction
51
cause ischemia, pain, and occlusion
blockage in leg artery
52
internal carotid arteries (anteriorly) and basilar artery (posterior) are joined by communicating arteries forming a circle; designed to ensure continued blood flow to the brain area should one of these major arteries fail
circle of willis
53
carry blood toward heart; large in diameter, thin walls, less elastic, not pressurized; can contain valves b/c there's no other positive pressure pumping blood
veins
54
objects acceleration depends:
strength of force applies and object's mass
55
focuses in the manner in which bones move in space without regard to the movement of joint surfaces
osteokinematics
56
refers to amount of matter that body contains
mass
57
number of times a machine multiplies the force
mechanical advantage
58
occurs when a clot causes inflammation in a vein
thrombophlebities
59
exists when an object's cog is neither raised nor lowered when it's disturbed
neutral equilibrium
60
overall effect of these two different forces
resultant force
61
When is torque not produced?
if force is directed exactly through axis of rotation
62
occurs when only a slight force is needed to disturb an object
unstable equilibrium
63
simple machine where a lever is in disguise; wheel or crank attached to and turning together with an axel; large wheel connected to a smaller wheel and typically used to increase force exerted
wheel and axel
64
occurs in same plane and in the same or opposite direction
parallel force
65
group of disorders involving compression or brachial plexus and/or subclavian arteries and veins within space; vascular, neurological, and muscular symptoms
thoracic outlet syndrom
66
What are the two types of force?
internal and external force
67
end point of lymphatic system
subclavian vein
68
when you jump down onto floor off a small step, you can feel this force traveling up through your legs
ground reaction force
69
a force is needed to overcome inertia of an object and cause the object to......
move, stop, or change direction
70
SL valve between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary valve
71
state of equilibrium; when an object is balanced, all torques acting on it are even
stability
72
drains into right and left side of the body
vertical watershed line
73
kidney bean-shaped sacs located in various places along route in vessels; filter out bacteria, cell debris, and other foreign particles from the lymph
lymph nodes
74
tendency of force to produce rotation around an axis
torque
75
acceleration and mass are
inversely proportional
76
quantity describes only magnitude; ex. length, area, volume, mass
scalar
77
deals with forces causing movement
kinetics
78
the purpose is to provide alternative circulation if one of the vessels become blocked and helps ensue that blood will get its intended destination
anastomosis
79
below umbilicus and drain into inguinal node
umbilicus horizontal line
80
when lymph passes through lymph nodes, bacteria and other foreign particles are intercepted, engulfed, and digested by.....
white blood cells
81
creates tension
pull
82
located between all watersheds and allows for crossover if needed to support drainage
lymph capillary anastomeses
83
torque arm; perpendicular distance from the force's line of pull
moment arm
84
lymph vessel segment between valves
angion
85
fixed point around which the lever rotates; fulcrum; joint
axis (a)
86
law of acceleration; amount of acceleration depends on strength of the force applied to an object; f=ma
Newton's second law of motion
87
SL valve between the left ventricle and the aorta
Aortic valve
88
when infection is present, nodes enlarge and become tender to touch with an increase number of.......
lymphocytes
89
push or pull action that can be respected as a vector
force
90
occurs when a break in a blood vessel allows blood to leak out of closed system
hemorrhage
91
describes the movement created by force which involves the time, space, and mass aspects of a moving system
kinematics
92
all simple machines is that the advantage gained in power is lost in.....
distance
93
two or more forces must act on a common point but must pull or push in different directions
concurrent force
94
rigid and can rotate around a fixed point when a force is applied
lever
95
factors associated with moving systems and can be divided into kinetics and kinematics
dynamics
96
first node in group; "first line of defense"
sentinel node
97
occurs in veins which are under less pressure, so symptoms develop more slowly
subdural bleeds
98
highest during the contraction and lowest when ventricles relax to fill with blood
blood pressure
99
consists of a grooved wheel that turns on an axel with a rope or cable riding in groove
pulleys
100
"hardening" of arteries that slow blood flow; problem in legs and feet; vessel walls become less elastic and cannot dilate to allow greater blood flow
arteriosclerosis
101
force developed by two surfaces, which tends to prevent motion of one surface across another
friction
102
supply medial surface of brain
anterior cerebral arteries
103
if moment is greater than the angular force, what is the torque?
greater
104
where do lymph capillaries begin in most tissues?
intercellular spaces
105
What are the simple machines?
lever, pulley, wheel and axel, inclined plan
106
3 main groups of regional nodes
cervical (neck), axillary (upper extremity), inguinal (lower extremity)
107
what veins do not carry deoxygenated blood?
left and right pulmonary veins
108
occurs when an object is in a position where disturbing it would require it's COG to be raised
stable equilibrium
109
link between arterioles and venules; microscopic with one layer thick walls; gas exchange between oxyen and carbon dioxide occurs here
capillaries
110
has no pump
lymphatic system
111
force generate by the muscle results in directed at rotating; perpendicular distance between the axis and the line of pull is much larger
angular force
112
smallest artery
arterioles
113
involuntary muscle; provides the pumping force to move blood through blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins); not directly responsible for gas exchange; size of a closed fist
heart
114
vector that describes speed and is measured in units such as ft/sec or mph
velocity
115
supply lateral cerebral hemispheres
middle cerebral arteries
116
the purpose is to transport blood from the capillaries in lungs to capillaries throughout the body
arteries and veins
117
system that is linked directly to circulatory and immune system; contain lymph vessel and nodes
lymphatic system
118
imaginary vertical line passing through the cog (center of gravity) toward the center of earth
line of gravity (log)
119
joining of (or communication) like vessels at their terminal ends such as extremities and between major cerebral arteries
anastomosis
120
have one way valves
lymph capillaries
121
joined by right and left anterior cerebral arteries
anterior communicating artery
122
lies between the sternum and vertebral column in the mediastinum
heart
123
where rest of body drains (left side and right below diaphragm); enters venous circulation at left subclavian vein
thoracic duct
124
drain skin and subcutaneous tissue forming a vast network that drain into deep lymph nodes
superficial lymph vessels
125
lymph vessels draining above the clavicle enter
cervical nodes
126
manner in which adjoining joint surfaces move in relation to each other
arthrokinematics
127
abnormal outward bulging or ballooning that is often causes by weakened are in wall; may go undetected until it ruptures
aneurysm
128
balance point of an object at which torque on all sides is equal; in the body slightly anterior to S2
center of gravity (COG)
129
functions: lymph collection, transport, filtration, and projection
lymphatic system
130
largest artery
aorta
131
"throbbing" felt at various locations, caused b contraction and expansion of an artery as a wave of blood passes by a particular spot; can be palpated anywhere that an artery can be compressed against a bone and near a surface
pulse
132
gravity or applied resistance such as weight, friction, etc
external force
133
where lymph enters a node
afferent lymph vessels
134
highest during contraction; top number in blood pressure
systole
135
extra or unusual heart sounds; whooshing sound
heart murmur
136
one object must act on another; can either be push or pull
force
137
amount of matter in an object
mass
138
occurs when ventricles are full and the AV valves close
"lub" sound
139
when the joint angle is near 180 degrees, the moment arm is small and what force is occurring pulling the two bones away from each other?
dislocating force
140
two top chambers of heart; receive blood from veins; have relatively thin muscular walls
atria
141
lies between atria and ventricles; prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles into atria
Atrioventricular (AV)
142
2 circuits of cardiovascular system
pulmonary and systemic
143
as muscle increases its angular force, it decreases its stability force; at 90 degrees is the greatest angular force; beyond 90 and it becomes a dislocation force because the force is directed away from the joint
dislocating force
144
lies between the ventricles and arteries leading out of heart; pulmonary arteries leading to lungs
Semilunar (SL
145
from a vast network throughout most of body; not found in CNS, bones, teeth, epidermis, certain types of cartilage, or any avascular tissue; join together into larger lymph vessels
lymph capillaries
146
creates compression
push
147
resistance is in the muddle with the axis at one end and force at other end; ARF; the longer the fa, the easier it is to move the part; the longer the RA, the harder it is to move the part
second class lever
148
supplies blood to heart muscle and can cause ischemia resulting in chest pain (angina)
coronary artery
149
veins and arteries parallel each other, but blood flows
in opposite directions
150
system that includes: blood vessels (veins and arteries), heart, closed circuit
cardiovascular system
151
carries blood away from heart; carries oxygenated blood; strong, muscular, elastic walls and always under pressure
arteries
152
mutual attraction between the earth and an object
gravity
153
where lymph exists a node
efferent lymph vessels
154
in capillary beds, oxygenated blood is exchanged for
deoxygenated blood
155
occurs within the confines of bony skull; with nowhere for the blood to go, it can quickly put pressure on vital structures within brain, causing a stroke or death
cerebral hemorrhage
156
where lymphatic trunks, abdominal , and chest are drain into one of two ducts that empty into venous system
right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
157
3 main ones that separate the areas of lymph drainag; vertical and 2 horizontal lines
watersheds
158
supply occipital lobes and part of temporal lobe
posterior cerebral arteries
159
most common involves arm and legs; treatment often based on patters on lymph drainage; accumulation of excess lymph and swelling because of abnormal drainage, which is why drainage patterns are important
lymphedema
160
AV between right atrium and ventricle; 3 flaps
tricuspid valve
161
stroke from blockage in an artery or brain
cerebrovascular accident
162
axis is located between the force and resistance; if axis is close to resistance, the ra will be shorter and fa will be longer; FAR
first class lever
163
draining between the clavicle and the umbilicus enter
axillary nodes
164
drain into deeper structures and tend to accompany major blood vessels
deep lymph vessels
165
slanted surface; exchanges increased distance for less effort
incline plane
166
always directed vertically down toward the center of earth; always directed toward the ground
gravitational force
167
occurs when two or more forces act in different directions resulting in a turning effect
force couple
168
when blockage of coronary artery is complete; heart attack
myocradial infarction
169
collects excess fluid that leak out of capillaries and return it to venous system to help maintain normal blood volume and pressure
lymphatic system
170
what arteries do not carry oxygenated blood?
right and left pulmonary artery
171
force generated by the muscle is directed back to joint; occurs when force is directed exactly through the axis; perpendicular distance between the axis and the line of pull is very small
stabilizing force
172
property of matter that cause it to resist any change of its motion in either speed or direction
inertia
173
linked to both the cardiovascular and immune system; collects fluid and proteins that have leaked out and returns them to venous circulation; partially open system and moves fluid from the periphery to the subclavian veins
lymphatic system
174
law of inertia; an object tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion
Newton's first law of motion
175
3 basic types of blood vessels
arteries, veins, capillaries
176
inflammation of vein
phlebitis
177
distance between the resistance and axis
resistance arm (ra)
178
functioned by allowing blood to flow through the heart in one direction (4)
heart valves
179
purpose is immune system and filtration and protection; helps immune system by filtering bacteria, viruses, and waste products, and other foreign matter by producing specific antibodies that help fight infection and defend against invasion
lymphatic system
180
has 4 chambers (2 atria and 2 ventricles)
heart
181
occurs when SL valve close to prevent blood from flowing back into ventricles when ventricle relaxes
"dub" sound
182
load; must be overcome for motion to occur can include the weight of the part being moved (arm, leg, etc), pull of gravity on the part, or an external weight being moved by body part
resistance (r)
