Exam 2 (ch 7,8) Flashcards
the purpose is to either change direction of a force or to increase or decrease its magnitude
pulleys
cervical, axillary, and inguinal
concentrated areas of lymph nodes
one end of rope attached to a beam; rope runs through pulley to other end where force is applied; increase the mechanical advantage of force; load (resistance) is suspended
movable pulley
deals with factors associated with nonmoving or nearly nonmoving systems
static
effort; causes the lever to move and usually muscular
force (f)
two transport systems of the circulatory systems
cardiovascular and lymphatic system
occurs when the heart valves close; lub dub
heart sounds
two bottom chambers of heart; thicker muscular walls to provide greater pumping force; left is 3x bigger than right
ventricles
joined at base of brain by anterior and posterior cerebral artery
posterior communicating artery
a type of arteriosclerosis; when fatty deposits in the artery wall cause narrowing or blockage of the vessel
artherosclerosis
jugular, subclavian, and lumbar; where regional nodes drain
lymphatic trunks
part of a body that is in contact with the supporting surface
base of support (BOS)
When the joint angle is near 0 (almost straight), the moment arm is small and what force is occurring that moves the two bones of the joint together?
stabilizing force
Av valve between left atrium and ventricle; 2 flaps
Bicuspid (mitral) valve
the purpose is to push blood through the arteries and veins
heart
middle portion of thoracic cavity; where heart and all chest organ is located
mediastinum
application of mechanics to the anatomy and physiology of body
biomechanics
smaller duct; 1-2” long and located at base of neck on right side; right head, neck, upper extremity, upper trunk empty here; empties into right subclavian vein
right lymphatic duct
more common in lower extremities than upper extremities; deeper veins rather than superficial veins
valves in veins
serves as staging areas for defense against infection from microbes and other foreign particles
lymphatic organs
force is in the middle with the resistance and axis at opposite ends; AFR; advantages include speed and distance; most common lever in the body
third class lever
condition in which the heart can’t pump strongly enough to push an adequate supply of blood out of various parts of body; results in edema esp in feet, ankles, and lungs
congestive heart failure
What do magnitude and moment arm determine?
how much torque is produced
results when two or more forces are acting along the same line
linear force
when lymph capillaries become larger and collect more lymphatic fluid; wider than veins, thinner walls and have more valves
lymph vessels
quantity having both magnitude and direction
vector
strength of reaction is always equal to the strength of the action and it occurs in….
opposite direction
folds in inner layer of veins usually in two cusps; allow blood to flow toward heart and ill then come together to occlude the vessel when blood tries to reverse its direction of flow
vein valves
What are the force effects?
linear, parallel, concurrent
muscular contraction, ligamentous restraint, or bony support
internal force
this circuit transports oxygen- depleted blood from the body through right side of heart (right atrium and ventricles) to lungs via pulmonary arteries; oxygenated at lungs then returned to the left side through pulmonary veins
pulmonary circuit
commonly found at each joint to help limb receive vital, oxygenated blood if main artery becomes blocked
small anastomosing branches
tissue spaces where fluid leaks out into from the capillaries; intercellular spaces
interstitial spaces
when plasma moves into tissues; 90% returns to blood; 10% aka lymph- rich protein
intercellular (interstitial) fluid
occurs in arteries; symptoms: develop more quickly due to higher pressure within the vessel
epidural bleeds
law of action-reaction; for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Newton’s third law of motion
distance between the force and axis
force arm (fa)
movement of force; ability of force to produce rotation around an axis; rotary force; depends on amount of force exerted and distance the force is from axis; amount of force needed by a muscle contraction to cause rotary joint motion
torque
simple pulley attached to a beam; acts as a first class lever with F on one side of pulley (axis) and R on the other end; used to only change direction
fixed pulley
this circuit starts in the left side of the heart (left atrium and ventricle) moves blood out to the periphery of the body via the aorta and branching arteries to the capillary beds; oxygenates the body the moves to the pulmonary circuit
systemic circuit
lowest when ventricles relax to fill the blood; bottom number in blood
diastole
any change in velocity of an object; can also deals with change in direction
acceleration
branch of physics dealing with study of forces and the motion produced by their actions
mechanics
series of mechanical events in right atrium
cardiac cycle
blood clot that becomes dislodged and travels to another part of body through smaller vessels until becoming wedged causing obstruction
embolism
nodes can increase or decrease in size, but damaged or destroyed cannot
regenerate
occurs as blood pools in vein, enlarging even morel most common in superficial veins because they’re subjected to higher pressure
varicose veins
collects excess extracellular fluid as lymph and transport it from periphery to venous system; helping cardiovascular system maintain adequate blood volume and pressure
lymphatic system
formation of a blood clot that may partially or totally block a blood vessel (artery and vein)
thrombosis
What are the vector quanities?
magnitude and direction
cause ischemia, pain, and occlusion
blockage in leg artery
internal carotid arteries (anteriorly) and basilar artery (posterior) are joined by communicating arteries forming a circle; designed to ensure continued blood flow to the brain area should one of these major arteries fail
circle of willis
carry blood toward heart; large in diameter, thin walls, less elastic, not pressurized; can contain valves b/c there’s no other positive pressure pumping blood
veins
objects acceleration depends:
strength of force applies and object’s mass
focuses in the manner in which bones move in space without regard to the movement of joint surfaces
osteokinematics
refers to amount of matter that body contains
mass
number of times a machine multiplies the force
mechanical advantage
occurs when a clot causes inflammation in a vein
thrombophlebities
exists when an object’s cog is neither raised nor lowered when it’s disturbed
neutral equilibrium
overall effect of these two different forces
resultant force
When is torque not produced?
if force is directed exactly through axis of rotation
occurs when only a slight force is needed to disturb an object
unstable equilibrium
simple machine where a lever is in disguise; wheel or crank attached to and turning together with an axel; large wheel connected to a smaller wheel and typically used to increase force exerted
wheel and axel
occurs in same plane and in the same or opposite direction
parallel force
group of disorders involving compression or brachial plexus and/or subclavian arteries and veins within space; vascular, neurological, and muscular symptoms
thoracic outlet syndrom
What are the two types of force?
internal and external force
end point of lymphatic system
subclavian vein
when you jump down onto floor off a small step, you can feel this force traveling up through your legs
ground reaction force
a force is needed to overcome inertia of an object and cause the object to……
move, stop, or change direction
SL valve between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary valve
state of equilibrium; when an object is balanced, all torques acting on it are even
stability
drains into right and left side of the body
vertical watershed line
kidney bean-shaped sacs located in various places along route in vessels; filter out bacteria, cell debris, and other foreign particles from the lymph
lymph nodes
tendency of force to produce rotation around an axis
torque
acceleration and mass are
inversely proportional
quantity describes only magnitude; ex. length, area, volume, mass
scalar
deals with forces causing movement
kinetics
the purpose is to provide alternative circulation if one of the vessels become blocked and helps ensue that blood will get its intended destination
anastomosis
below umbilicus and drain into inguinal node
umbilicus horizontal line
when lymph passes through lymph nodes, bacteria and other foreign particles are intercepted, engulfed, and digested by…..
white blood cells
creates tension
pull
located between all watersheds and allows for crossover if needed to support drainage
lymph capillary anastomeses
torque arm; perpendicular distance from the force’s line of pull
moment arm
lymph vessel segment between valves
angion
fixed point around which the lever rotates; fulcrum; joint
axis (a)
law of acceleration; amount of acceleration depends on strength of the force applied to an object; f=ma
Newton’s second law of motion
SL valve between the left ventricle and the aorta
Aortic valve
when infection is present, nodes enlarge and become tender to touch with an increase number of…….
lymphocytes
push or pull action that can be respected as a vector
force
occurs when a break in a blood vessel allows blood to leak out of closed system
hemorrhage
describes the movement created by force which involves the time, space, and mass aspects of a moving system
kinematics
all simple machines is that the advantage gained in power is lost in…..
distance
two or more forces must act on a common point but must pull or push in different directions
concurrent force
rigid and can rotate around a fixed point when a force is applied
lever
factors associated with moving systems and can be divided into kinetics and kinematics
dynamics
first node in group; “first line of defense”
sentinel node
occurs in veins which are under less pressure, so symptoms develop more slowly
subdural bleeds
highest during the contraction and lowest when ventricles relax to fill with blood
blood pressure
consists of a grooved wheel that turns on an axel with a rope or cable riding in groove
pulleys
“hardening” of arteries that slow blood flow; problem in legs and feet; vessel walls become less elastic and cannot dilate to allow greater blood flow
arteriosclerosis
force developed by two surfaces, which tends to prevent motion of one surface across another
friction
supply medial surface of brain
anterior cerebral arteries
if moment is greater than the angular force, what is the torque?
greater
where do lymph capillaries begin in most tissues?
intercellular spaces
What are the simple machines?
lever, pulley, wheel and axel, inclined plan
3 main groups of regional nodes
cervical (neck), axillary (upper extremity), inguinal (lower extremity)
what veins do not carry deoxygenated blood?
left and right pulmonary veins
occurs when an object is in a position where disturbing it would require it’s COG to be raised
stable equilibrium
link between arterioles and venules; microscopic with one layer thick walls; gas exchange between oxyen and carbon dioxide occurs here
capillaries
has no pump
lymphatic system
force generate by the muscle results in directed at rotating; perpendicular distance between the axis and the line of pull is much larger
angular force
smallest artery
arterioles
involuntary muscle; provides the pumping force to move blood through blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, and veins); not directly responsible for gas exchange; size of a closed fist
heart
vector that describes speed and is measured in units such as ft/sec or mph
velocity
supply lateral cerebral hemispheres
middle cerebral arteries
the purpose is to transport blood from the capillaries in lungs to capillaries throughout the body
arteries and veins
system that is linked directly to circulatory and immune system; contain lymph vessel and nodes
lymphatic system
imaginary vertical line passing through the cog (center of gravity) toward the center of earth
line of gravity (log)
joining of (or communication) like vessels at their terminal ends such as extremities and between major cerebral arteries
anastomosis
have one way valves
lymph capillaries
joined by right and left anterior cerebral arteries
anterior communicating artery
lies between the sternum and vertebral column in the mediastinum
heart
where rest of body drains (left side and right below diaphragm); enters venous circulation at left subclavian vein
thoracic duct
drain skin and subcutaneous tissue forming a vast network that drain into deep lymph nodes
superficial lymph vessels
lymph vessels draining above the clavicle enter
cervical nodes
manner in which adjoining joint surfaces move in relation to each other
arthrokinematics
abnormal outward bulging or ballooning that is often causes by weakened are in wall; may go undetected until it ruptures
aneurysm
balance point of an object at which torque on all sides is equal; in the body slightly anterior to S2
center of gravity (COG)
functions: lymph collection, transport, filtration, and projection
lymphatic system
largest artery
aorta
“throbbing” felt at various locations, caused b contraction and expansion of an artery as a wave of blood passes by a particular spot; can be palpated anywhere that an artery can be compressed against a bone and near a surface
pulse
gravity or applied resistance such as weight, friction, etc
external force
where lymph enters a node
afferent lymph vessels
highest during contraction; top number in blood pressure
systole
extra or unusual heart sounds; whooshing sound
heart murmur
one object must act on another; can either be push or pull
force
amount of matter in an object
mass
occurs when ventricles are full and the AV valves close
“lub” sound
when the joint angle is near 180 degrees, the moment arm is small and what force is occurring pulling the two bones away from each other?
dislocating force
two top chambers of heart; receive blood from veins; have relatively thin muscular walls
atria
lies between atria and ventricles; prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles into atria
Atrioventricular (AV)
2 circuits of cardiovascular system
pulmonary and systemic
as muscle increases its angular force, it decreases its stability force; at 90 degrees is the greatest angular force; beyond 90 and it becomes a dislocation force because the force is directed away from the joint
dislocating force
lies between the ventricles and arteries leading out of heart; pulmonary arteries leading to lungs
Semilunar (SL
from a vast network throughout most of body; not found in CNS, bones, teeth, epidermis, certain types of cartilage, or any avascular tissue; join together into larger lymph vessels
lymph capillaries
creates compression
push
resistance is in the muddle with the axis at one end and force at other end; ARF; the longer the fa, the easier it is to move the part; the longer the RA, the harder it is to move the part
second class lever
supplies blood to heart muscle and can cause ischemia resulting in chest pain (angina)
coronary artery
veins and arteries parallel each other, but blood flows
in opposite directions
system that includes: blood vessels (veins and arteries), heart, closed circuit
cardiovascular system
carries blood away from heart; carries oxygenated blood; strong, muscular, elastic walls and always under pressure
arteries
mutual attraction between the earth and an object
gravity
where lymph exists a node
efferent lymph vessels
in capillary beds, oxygenated blood is exchanged for
deoxygenated blood
occurs within the confines of bony skull; with nowhere for the blood to go, it can quickly put pressure on vital structures within brain, causing a stroke or death
cerebral hemorrhage
where lymphatic trunks, abdominal , and chest are drain into one of two ducts that empty into venous system
right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct
3 main ones that separate the areas of lymph drainag; vertical and 2 horizontal lines
watersheds
supply occipital lobes and part of temporal lobe
posterior cerebral arteries
most common involves arm and legs; treatment often based on patters on lymph drainage; accumulation of excess lymph and swelling because of abnormal drainage, which is why drainage patterns are important
lymphedema
AV between right atrium and ventricle; 3 flaps
tricuspid valve
stroke from blockage in an artery or brain
cerebrovascular accident
axis is located between the force and resistance; if axis is close to resistance, the ra will be shorter and fa will be longer; FAR
first class lever
draining between the clavicle and the umbilicus enter
axillary nodes
drain into deeper structures and tend to accompany major blood vessels
deep lymph vessels
slanted surface; exchanges increased distance for less effort
incline plane
always directed vertically down toward the center of earth; always directed toward the ground
gravitational force
occurs when two or more forces act in different directions resulting in a turning effect
force couple
when blockage of coronary artery is complete; heart attack
myocradial infarction
collects excess fluid that leak out of capillaries and return it to venous system to help maintain normal blood volume and pressure
lymphatic system
what arteries do not carry oxygenated blood?
right and left pulmonary artery
force generated by the muscle is directed back to joint; occurs when force is directed exactly through the axis; perpendicular distance between the axis and the line of pull is very small
stabilizing force
property of matter that cause it to resist any change of its motion in either speed or direction
inertia
linked to both the cardiovascular and immune system; collects fluid and proteins that have leaked out and returns them to venous circulation; partially open system and moves fluid from the periphery to the subclavian veins
lymphatic system
law of inertia; an object tends to stay at rest and an object in motion tends to stay in motion
Newton’s first law of motion
3 basic types of blood vessels
arteries, veins, capillaries
inflammation of vein
phlebitis
distance between the resistance and axis
resistance arm (ra)
functioned by allowing blood to flow through the heart in one direction (4)
heart valves
purpose is immune system and filtration and protection; helps immune system by filtering bacteria, viruses, and waste products, and other foreign matter by producing specific antibodies that help fight infection and defend against invasion
lymphatic system
has 4 chambers (2 atria and 2 ventricles)
heart
occurs when SL valve close to prevent blood from flowing back into ventricles when ventricle relaxes
“dub” sound
load; must be overcome for motion to occur can include the weight of the part being moved (arm, leg, etc), pull of gravity on the part, or an external weight being moved by body part
resistance (r)
