Exam 1 (Ch 1-4) Flashcards
-provide contractile force that causes joints to move -must span the joint to have an effect on that joint -soft and cannot attach directly to bone
Muscle
“caved” in much like a cave
concave
-partial dislocation of a joint and usually occurs over a period of time ex. after a stroke, muscle paralysis and weight of arm slowly separate the shoulder joint
Subluxation
- caused joint distraction in which joint surfaces pull apart from one another -due to external force
Traction
Yellow Part of body?
Green part of body?
Axial
Appendicular
Hollow or depression
Fossa Ex. Glenoid fossa of scapula
Joint structure- components - two that are articulate with each other -amount and direction of motion allowed at each joint are dictated by shape of the bone ends by the articular surface of each bone
Bones
- length is greater than width -largest bones of body and most of appendicular skeleton
Long bones
A movement that straightens or opens a joint
Extension
-lined with a synovial membrane
Inner layer of capsule
-AK movement that happens between joint surfaces when an external force creates a passive motion at the joint
Joint play movement
-often found in acute condition in which soft tissue edema is present such as immediately after a severly sprained ankle or with synovitis -soft “wet sponge” feel
Boggy end feel
-glide motion -movement tends to be linear instead of angular -occurs secondarily to other motion -joint surfaces are relatively flat and glide over one another instead of one moving around the other (plane, joint)
Nonaxial joint
-divides the body into right and left -flexion and extension
Sagittal plane
What bony landmark is highlighted?
Ischial tuberosity
tuberosity- large, rounded projection
A movement of the head and vertebral column along the transverse plane
Rotation
-caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of cartilage or one or more joints
Osteoarthritis (degenerative)
-must connect them to bone -cylindrical cord or flattened band -encased in tendon sheathes
Tendon
Living, organic composition (1/3)
gives bone elasticity
3 types of normal end feel
soft, firm hard
Structure (or movement) closer to head
Superior
A limb at the shoulder or hip turns away from the midline
Lateral Rotation
inflammation of a tendon
Tendonitis
What is the bony landmark marked out?
Glenoid fossa
-hollow or depression
-tend to have more equal dimensions of height, length, and width -cube shaped -great deal of articular surface
Short bones
-each joint is concave in one direction and convex in another -carpometacarpal joint of the thub
Sellar (saddle-shaped) joint
-rounded outward like a mound
convex
-constant sustained pressure ex. constant pressure on a gas pedal
Sustained stretch joint mobilization
A movement that bends a joint bringing the bones closer together
Flexion
-same side Ex. Right hip and shoulder flex
Ipsilateral
Lying on back
Supine
Study of movement Combines anatomy, physiology, physics, and geometry
Kinesiology
-angular motion occuring in one plane around one axis
Uniaxial joint
-knee and elbow -flexion and extension which occur in sagittal plane around frontal axis
Hinge Joint
-break in continuity of the bony cortex caused by direct force, indirect force, or pathology -described by type, direction of fracture, or position of bone fragments
Fracture, broke bone, cracked bone
-forces that occur parallel to the joint surface -results in glide motion of joint
Shear
joint motion
OK
Located at ends of long bones where they receive pressure from opposing bone making up that joint
Pressure epiphysis
-thick, clear fluid that lubricates the articular surface -reduces friction -helps joint move freely -shock absorption -major source of nutrition for articular cartilage
Synovial fluid
Ways to classify joints
-movement -shape -type of connective tissue surrounding it
Ditchlike groove containing a tendon or blood vessel
Groove ex. bicipital (intercondylar) groove of humerus
Projecting prominent part of bone
Eminence ex. Intercondylar eminence of tibia
-thin, fiborous membrane covering all the bone except the articular surface -contains nerve and blood vessels that are important in providing nourishment promoting growth in diameter of immature bone and repairing the bone -serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments - greater number of pain receptors which makes it pain sensitive when overstressed
Periosteum
-position of maximum incongruence -resting position -parts of capsule and supporting ligaments are lax -minimal congruency between the articular surface -further passive separation of the joint surfaces can occur in this position -joint play allowed -importance for joint mobilization -allows for roll, spin, and glide
open-packed or loose-packed
Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
Circumduction
long, thing projection (spinous process)
Spine ex. Scapular spine
-motions that are accessory to classical movement -not under voluntary control -roll, spin, glide
Accessory movement
-small, padlike sacs are found around most joints -located in areas of excessive friction such as between tendons and bony prominences -lined with synovial membrane and filled with a clear fluid -reduce friction between moving parts
Bursae
-Hole through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
Foramen Ex. vertebral foramen of cervical vertebra
-fibrous sleeves surround the tendon when it’s subject to pressure or friction such as when it passes between muscle and bones or through a tunnel of bones -lubricated by fluid secreted from their lining
Tendon sheaths
joint surface motion
AK
-may be present when pain, muscle guarding, swelling, or abnormal anatomy stops the joint movement
Abnormal end feel
-muscle bulk is compressed
Soft end feel (soft tissue approximation)
Sole of foot outward
Eversion
-manner in which adjoining joint surfaces move on each other during OK joint movement
Arthrokinematic motion
-two or both sides Ex. both shoulders more
Bilateral
-complete separation of the two articular surfaces of a joint -portion of joint capsule surrounding the joint will be torn
Dislocation
- Form of linear motion that occurs in a straight line
Rectilinear
-inflammation of the tendon sheath and is often cause by repetitive use -common sites: tendon of long head of biceps and flexor tendons on hand
Tenosynovitis
What bony landmark is marked out?
Greater and lesser trochanter
trochanter- very large, prominence for muscle attachment
-demonstrated in these open-packed position -not a voluntary movement -passive movement of one articular surface over another -requires relaxed muscles and the external force of a trained practitioner
joint play
-rolling of one joint surface on another -new points on each surface come into contact throughout the motion
roll
-technique that applies an external force to a patient’s joint to generate a passive oscillatory motion or sustained stretch between the joint surfaces
Joint mobilization
-congruent -one extreme ROM -no joint play -joint is often in this positioned when injured -when joint is swollen, it cannot be moved into this position -when ligaments and capsular are tested for stability and integrity, the joint is usually in this position
close-packed position
Small, rounded projection
Tubercle ex. greater tubercle of humerus
-may be present when pain, muscle, guarding, swelling, or abnormal anatomy stops the joint movement
Abnormal end feel
ligament is torn and no longer functions
severe sprain
- hard, dense outer layer of all bones -thick along shaft and thin at ends
Compact bone
Ankle movement such as letting of the car’s gaspedal
Dorsiflexion
partial tearing of ligament with some loss of function
moderate sprain
What bony landmark is the arrow pointing to?
Bicipital groove of humerus
-groove: ditchlike groove containing a tendon or blood vessel
air-filled cavity within a bone
Sinus ex. frontal sinus in frontal bone
-type of the resistance that a clinician feels when bringing a patient’s joint to the end of its passive ROM then applying a slight overpressure
End feel
Less prominent ridge
Line ex. Linea aspera of femur
fracture at an angle
Oblique fracture
inflammation of bursae
Bursitis
-linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of the adjoining joint surface -one point on a joint surface connects with a new points on the adjacent surface
glide/slide
-occurs when movement produces considerable pain and the patient stops the clinician from moving the joint beyond the painful point
Empty end feel
- Mechanical principles that relate directly to human body 1. Static (nonmoving) 2. Dynamic (moving) 3. Kinetics (Causing movements) 4. Kinematics (time, space, & mass aspects of a moving system)
Biomechanics
-results from tension in the surrounding ligaments, capsule, and/or muscles -perceived as a firm stop to the motion with only a “slight give” on overpressure -most common
Firm end feel
responsible for bone resoprtion
Osteoclasts
fixed lines of reference along which the body is divided
Planes of action
-consists of fibrous tissue and supports and protects the joint -usually reinforced by ligaments
Outer layer of capsule
-Attaches to axial skeleton -126 bones of extremities -no irregular bones
Appendicular Skeleton
-covers the ends of opposing bones within a synovial joint -provides a smooth articulating surface in all synovial joints with the help of synovial fluid -lacks its own blood supply and must get its nutrition from synovial fluid; it cannot repair itself if it’s damaged
Hyaline (articular) cartilage
When head or vertebral column bend laterally to the side
Lateral Flexion
Structure closer to body’s surface
Superficial
-provide a bade of muscular attachment where no bone is present but where great strength is needed
Linea Alba (Aponerosis)
-fracture but all places are still in place -put in a cast
Nondisplaced fracture
Large, rounded projection
Tuberosity ex. Ischial tuberosity
-inflammation of joint capsule -when joint capsule is inflamed for extended period of time, it loses extensibility and loss of joint motion results
Capsulitis
What axis pairs with frontal plane?
Sagittal axis
A structure (or movement) closer to the feet
Inferior
-areas at each end of a long bone -tends to be wider than shaft -in adult bone: osseous -in growing bone: cartilaginous
Epiphysis
-pivot motion in transverse plane along longitudinal axis -pronation and supination
Pivot joint
-point where the three cardinal planes intersect each other
Center of gravity
tearing of a few fibers with no loss of function
mild sprain
-can appear in the event that abnormal friction does occur -disappear when friction decreases
Acquired bursae ex. Student’s bursae
Purpose of joint mobilization
used to restore joint mobility or decrease pain originating from joint structures
-joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other -tightly compressed -difficult to distract (separate) -ligaments and capsule holding the joint together are taut
congruent
A movement brings the radius and ulna parallel to one another
Supination
Flex toward thumb
Radial Deviation
-Upright part of body (head, thorax, trunk) -80 bones -no long or short bones
Axial skeleton
Sharp ridge or border
Crest ex. iliac crest
-surrounds and encases the joint and protects the articular surfaces of the bones
Capsule
partial or complete tearing of ligament fibers
Sprains
Further away from midline of the body
Lateral
Example of roll always follows swing
swing anteriorly (flex)- roll anteriorly swing posteriorly (ext)- roll posteriorly
-Relationship of the movement of bones around a joint without regard to joint surfaces -gross large movement -Big movements such as flex, ext, abd, add
Osteokinematics (ok)
Sole of foot inward
Inversion
-when a person’s joint is moved passively through it’s ROM -usually done to maintain or restore ROM or to determine the nature of the resistance the clinician feels at the ends of the range
Passive ROM
5 types of bones
Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones
-infection of the bone usually caused by bacteria -open fractures are common with this
Osteomyelitis
-characterized by a hard and abrupt limit to passive joint motion with no give on pressure -bony end feel
hard end feel
Closer to the midline of the body
Medial
-opposite side Ex. left shoulder flex, right hip flex
Contralateral
-cartilaginous material -longitudinal growth occurs here
Epiphyseal plate
What bony landmark is marked out?
Greater tubercle of humerus
tubercle- small, rounded projection
-most common in kids -doesn’t go all the way through the bone
Greenstick fracture
-ligamentous joint -small amount of twisting and stretching movement
Syndesmosis
-condition characterized by loss of normal bone density or bone mass
Osteoporosis
Identify the planes
- sagittal
- frontal
- transverse
-divides body into front and back -abduction and adduction
Frontal (coronal) plane
overstretching of fibers
Strain
5 types of tissues
fibrous cartilaginous osseous nervous vascular
What axis pairs with sagittal plane?
Frontal axis
-occurs between tooth and wall -peg in socket -no motion
Gomphosis
What bony landmark is marked out?
External auditory meatus
Meatus: canal or tubelike opening in a bone
when muscles contract to move joints through their ROM
active ROM
fracture located in the body
Closed fracture
-resemble shape of sesame seeds, small bones located where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the extremities -provide a protective groove for tendon to pass through weight bearing area -change angle of tendon’s attachment which can increase its ability to generate force at joints it crosses
Sesamoid bones
Further towards the back of the body
Posterior
builds up the sides of relatively flat articular surface of tibia
Meniscus (fibrocartilage)
-suture joint -thin layer of fibrous periosteum between the two bones purpose: provide shape and strength
Synarthrosis ex. sutures of skull
Purpose of joints
-allow motion -bear weight of body -provide stability (more stability; less mobility)
-main shaft of bone -mostly compact bone: gives strength
Diapysis
-exists when there is full PROM at a joint and the motion is limited by the expected anatomical structures for that particular joint
Normal end feel
A structure of arm or leg that is further away from the trunk
Distal
Flat or shallow articular surface
Facet ex. articular facet of rib
Further toward front of the body
Anterior
-convex/concave relationship -most synovial joints -one bone is usually larger than its adjacent bone end -permits a greater ROM on a lesser articular surface, which reduces the size of the join
Ovoid joint
-Movement outside of body -Same distance - Same direction - Same time
Linear motion
-designed to help maintain a structure’s shape Ex. external ear and eustachian (auditory) tube; also in larynx where its motion is important to speech
Elastic cartilage
Lying on stomach
Prone
Located where tendons attach to bones and are subject to a pulling, or traction, force
Traction epiphysis
Very large prominence for muscle attachment
Trochanter ex. greater trochanter of femur
Movement that moves the limb laterally away from midline
Abduction
-occurs when the head of femur becomes displaced due to a separation at the growth plate
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
-joint approximation -joint surfaces are pushed close together -occurs with weight bearing
Compression
-Form of linear motion that occurs in a curved path
Curvilinear
fracture all the way through the bone
Transverse fracture
-dense, fibrous connective tissue that can withstand great amounts of pressure and tension
Cartilage
points that run through the center of a joint around which a part rotates
Axes
-occurs in two different directions -flexion and extension -radial and ulnar deviation
Biaxial joint
-bones fit like horseback rider in saddle ex. CMC of thumb
Saddle
Ankle movement such as stepping on the car’s gaspedal
Plantar Flexion
3 types of fibrous joint
-synarthrosis -syndesmosis -gomphosis
inflammation of synovial membrane
Synovitis
-up and down movement
Passive oscillatory joint mobilization
Closer to the head
Cranial
-thick, vascular connective tissue that secretes synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
-acts as a shock absorber and is present in both synovial and cartilaginous joints -also fills the gaps between two bones
Fibrocartilage
-connection between two bones -contains synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint and nourishes the cartilage
Joint
Types of AK motion
-roll, spin, glide -most joint movement involved a combination of all three motions
-hyaline (fibrocartilage) cartilage between two bones -allows a small amount of motion such as bending, twisting, and compression -provide a great deal of stability
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrodial) joint
bone fracture that broke the skin
Open/compound fracture
Joint structure- components -bands of fibrous connective tissue -provide attachment for cartilage, fascia, or muscle -flexible but not elastic -prevent excessive joint movement
Ligaments
-Movement of objection around a fixed point - same angle, direction, and time -Movement within the body
Angular Motion
-reflexive muscle guarding during motion -protective response seen with acute injury
Muscle spasm end feel
2 types of uniaxial joint
pivot hinge
deepens the shallow glenoid fossa making it more of a socket to hold the humeral head
Labrum (fibrocartilage)
-broad, flat tendinous sheet -found in several places where muscles attach to bone
Aponeurosis
Bone composition
1/3 living (organic) 2/3 nonliving (inorganic) -considered living b/c made up of tissue
What bony landmark is the arrow pointing to?
Medial epicondyle of humerus
epicondyle: prominence above or on a condyle
Flex toward pinky
Ulnar Deviation
Which bony landmark is marked out?
Vertebral FORAMEN of cervical vertebrae
-hole through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass through
-not lined and typically require surgery -caused by direct or indirect force
Displaced fracture
-membrane that lines medullary canal -contains osteoclasts
Endosteum
-hollow and decreases weight of bone -contains marrow and provide passage for nutrient arteries
Medullary canal
Movement that brings limb laterally towards the body’s midline
Adduction
-motion -body segments that move (flex, ext, abd, add)
swing
Structure of arm or leg that is closer to the trunk
Proximal
2 types of Biaxial joint
Condyloid Saddle
Roles of skeletal system
-gives support -manufacture blood cells -allow movement -protect vital organs -storage site for calcium and other mineral salts
Closer to buttocks
Caudal
What bony landmark is marked out?
Condyle
Condyle- rounded, knuckle-like projection
-moving the joint with high speed through a very slight and the calculated range that is just past where joint play ends ex. when chiropractor snaps neck
Joint Manipulation
What bony landmark is highlighted?
Iliac crest
crest: sharp ridge or border
number of planes in which they move
Degrees of freedom
-proximal head of femur is common site -when blood supply is interrupted to the femoral head causing necrosis of bone at the pressure epipysis
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
-condition of reduced bone mass -not as severe as osteoporosis
Osteopenia
-Relationship of joint surface movement (roll, spin, and glide) -Joint moving through space Ex. As I flex my shoulder, the humeral head has to roll and glide against the scapula.
Arthrokinematics (ak)
-small AK joint motions that accompany OK motion -active motion
Component
What bony landmark is highlighted?
scapular spine
spine- long, thin projection (spinous process)
-each joint has a characteristic pattern of lost motion that presents when capsular tightness is present
capsular pattern
-occurs when an other-than-vertical is applied -compression on concave side -traction on convex -common in knee
Bending
-rotation of the movable joint surface on the fixed adjacent surface -same point on each surface remains in contact with each other
spin
A limb at the shoulder or hip turns towards the midline
Medial Rotation
-glide occurs in opposite direction as roll (swing) -shoulder, wrist, hip
convex joint surfaces
-occurs at the traction epiphysis of the tibial tuberosity in children whose bones are still growing
Osgood-Schlatter disease
-no direct union between bones -allows free motion -not as stable as other joints -cavity filled with synovial fluid contained within a sleeve-like capsule -articular surface is smooth and covered with hyaline/articular cartilage
Synovial (diarthrodial) joint
What bony landmark is marked out?
articular facet of rib
facet- flat or shallow articular surface
-thin, fibrous periosteum between two bones
Fibrous joint
A movement when the radius crosses over the ulna
Pronation
thin columns and plates filled with marrow and makes the bones lighter
Trabeculae
What axis pairs with the transverse plane?
Vertical axis
-involves twisting -combination of compression and shear
Torsion/Rotary forces
Ligaments surrounding synovial joint
Capsular ligaments
What bony landmark is marked out?
Femoral head
head- rounded articular projection beyond a narrow, necklike portion of bone
-joint movement commonly thought of as one bone moving on another: causing such as flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, or rotation -done under voluntary control -can occur passively or actively
Osteokinematic motion
A structure deeper in the body
Deep
Prominence above or on a condyle
Epicondyle ex. Medial epicondyle of humerus
Nonliving, organic composition (2/3)
provides hardness and strength
-flared part of bone that serves as a transition from the end of each diaphysis to each epiphysis -mostly cancellous bone and functions to support the epiphysis
Metaphysis
Canal or tublelike opening in a bone
Meatus ex. external auditory meatus
-happens when you fall and try to catch yourself -fractures and displaces at distal radius
Colles Fracture
-a rebound movement is felt at the end of the ROM -usually occurs with internal derangement of a joint, such as torn cartilage
Springy block end feel
-porous, spongy inside -located at ends of bones -makes up most of articular ends of bones -has trabeculae
Cancellous bone
-motion occurs actively around all three axes -Ball and socket joint -flex and ext (frontal axis) -abd and add (Sagittal axis) -rotation (vertical axis)
Trixial (multiaxial) joint
Rounded articular projection beyond a narrow, neck-like portion of bone
Head ex. femoral head
-Universal reference point for everything -Upright position, eyes forward, feet together, arms at side of body with palms facing forward
Anatomical position
-Rigid Framework of the human body
Skeletal system
-variety of mixed shapes that don’t fit into other categories
Irregular bones
-glide occurs in same direction as roll (swing) -mcp (knuckles), knee, elbow
concave joint surfaces
What bony landmark is marked out?
Intercondylar eminence of tibia
Eminence- projecting, prominent part of bone
-ellipsoid joint because of their shape ex. wrist and MCP
Condyloid
-very broad surface but not thick -curved surface rather than flat
Flat bones
-divides body into top and bottom -rotation
Transverse (horizontal) plane
Rounded knuckle-like projection
Condyle ex. medial condyle of femur
What bony landmark is marked out?
Frontal sinus
Sinus: air filled cavity within a bone
What bony landmark is marked out?
Linea aspera of femur
line- less prominent ridge
