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Kinesiology PTA 125 > Exam 1 (Ch 1-4) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Ch 1-4) Flashcards

1
Q

-provide contractile force that causes joints to move -must span the joint to have an effect on that joint -soft and cannot attach directly to bone

A

Muscle

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2
Q

“caved” in much like a cave

A

concave

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3
Q

-partial dislocation of a joint and usually occurs over a period of time ex. after a stroke, muscle paralysis and weight of arm slowly separate the shoulder joint

A

Subluxation

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4
Q
  • caused joint distraction in which joint surfaces pull apart from one another -due to external force
A

Traction

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5
Q

Yellow Part of body?

Green part of body?

A

Axial

Appendicular

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6
Q

Hollow or depression

A

Fossa Ex. Glenoid fossa of scapula

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7
Q

Joint structure- components - two that are articulate with each other -amount and direction of motion allowed at each joint are dictated by shape of the bone ends by the articular surface of each bone

A

Bones

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8
Q
  • length is greater than width -largest bones of body and most of appendicular skeleton
A

Long bones

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9
Q

A movement that straightens or opens a joint

A

Extension

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10
Q

-lined with a synovial membrane

A

Inner layer of capsule

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11
Q

-AK movement that happens between joint surfaces when an external force creates a passive motion at the joint

A

Joint play movement

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12
Q

-often found in acute condition in which soft tissue edema is present such as immediately after a severly sprained ankle or with synovitis -soft “wet sponge” feel

A

Boggy end feel

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13
Q

-glide motion -movement tends to be linear instead of angular -occurs secondarily to other motion -joint surfaces are relatively flat and glide over one another instead of one moving around the other (plane, joint)

A

Nonaxial joint

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14
Q

-divides the body into right and left -flexion and extension

A

Sagittal plane

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15
Q

What bony landmark is highlighted?

A

Ischial tuberosity

tuberosity- large, rounded projection

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16
Q

A movement of the head and vertebral column along the transverse plane

A

Rotation

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17
Q

-caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of cartilage or one or more joints

A

Osteoarthritis (degenerative)

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18
Q

-must connect them to bone -cylindrical cord or flattened band -encased in tendon sheathes

A

Tendon

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19
Q

Living, organic composition (1/3)

A

gives bone elasticity

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20
Q

3 types of normal end feel

A

soft, firm hard

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21
Q

Structure (or movement) closer to head

A

Superior

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22
Q

A limb at the shoulder or hip turns away from the midline

A

Lateral Rotation

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23
Q

inflammation of a tendon

A

Tendonitis

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24
Q

What is the bony landmark marked out?

A

Glenoid fossa

-hollow or depression

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25
Q

-tend to have more equal dimensions of height, length, and width -cube shaped -great deal of articular surface

A

Short bones

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26
Q

-each joint is concave in one direction and convex in another -carpometacarpal joint of the thub

A

Sellar (saddle-shaped) joint

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27
Q

-rounded outward like a mound

A

convex

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28
Q

-constant sustained pressure ex. constant pressure on a gas pedal

A

Sustained stretch joint mobilization

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29
Q

A movement that bends a joint bringing the bones closer together

A

Flexion

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30
Q

-same side Ex. Right hip and shoulder flex

A

Ipsilateral

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31
Q

Lying on back

A

Supine

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32
Q

Study of movement Combines anatomy, physiology, physics, and geometry

A

Kinesiology

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33
Q

-angular motion occuring in one plane around one axis

A

Uniaxial joint

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34
Q

-knee and elbow -flexion and extension which occur in sagittal plane around frontal axis

A

Hinge Joint

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35
Q

-break in continuity of the bony cortex caused by direct force, indirect force, or pathology -described by type, direction of fracture, or position of bone fragments

A

Fracture, broke bone, cracked bone

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36
Q

-forces that occur parallel to the joint surface -results in glide motion of joint

A

Shear

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37
Q

joint motion

A

OK

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38
Q

Located at ends of long bones where they receive pressure from opposing bone making up that joint

A

Pressure epiphysis

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39
Q

-thick, clear fluid that lubricates the articular surface -reduces friction -helps joint move freely -shock absorption -major source of nutrition for articular cartilage

A

Synovial fluid

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40
Q

Ways to classify joints

A

-movement -shape -type of connective tissue surrounding it

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41
Q

Ditchlike groove containing a tendon or blood vessel

A

Groove ex. bicipital (intercondylar) groove of humerus

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42
Q

Projecting prominent part of bone

A

Eminence ex. Intercondylar eminence of tibia

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43
Q

-thin, fiborous membrane covering all the bone except the articular surface -contains nerve and blood vessels that are important in providing nourishment promoting growth in diameter of immature bone and repairing the bone -serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments - greater number of pain receptors which makes it pain sensitive when overstressed

A

Periosteum

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44
Q

-position of maximum incongruence -resting position -parts of capsule and supporting ligaments are lax -minimal congruency between the articular surface -further passive separation of the joint surfaces can occur in this position -joint play allowed -importance for joint mobilization -allows for roll, spin, and glide

A

open-packed or loose-packed

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45
Q

Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

A

Circumduction

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46
Q

long, thing projection (spinous process)

A

Spine ex. Scapular spine

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47
Q

-motions that are accessory to classical movement -not under voluntary control -roll, spin, glide

A

Accessory movement

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48
Q

-small, padlike sacs are found around most joints -located in areas of excessive friction such as between tendons and bony prominences -lined with synovial membrane and filled with a clear fluid -reduce friction between moving parts

A

Bursae

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49
Q

-Hole through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass

A

Foramen Ex. vertebral foramen of cervical vertebra

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50
Q

-fibrous sleeves surround the tendon when it’s subject to pressure or friction such as when it passes between muscle and bones or through a tunnel of bones -lubricated by fluid secreted from their lining

A

Tendon sheaths

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51
Q

joint surface motion

A

AK

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52
Q

-may be present when pain, muscle guarding, swelling, or abnormal anatomy stops the joint movement

A

Abnormal end feel

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53
Q

-muscle bulk is compressed

A

Soft end feel (soft tissue approximation)

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54
Q

Sole of foot outward

A

Eversion

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55
Q

-manner in which adjoining joint surfaces move on each other during OK joint movement

A

Arthrokinematic motion

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56
Q

-two or both sides Ex. both shoulders more

A

Bilateral

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57
Q

-complete separation of the two articular surfaces of a joint -portion of joint capsule surrounding the joint will be torn

A

Dislocation

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58
Q
  • Form of linear motion that occurs in a straight line
A

Rectilinear

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59
Q

-inflammation of the tendon sheath and is often cause by repetitive use -common sites: tendon of long head of biceps and flexor tendons on hand

A

Tenosynovitis

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60
Q

What bony landmark is marked out?

A

Greater and lesser trochanter

trochanter- very large, prominence for muscle attachment

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61
Q

-demonstrated in these open-packed position -not a voluntary movement -passive movement of one articular surface over another -requires relaxed muscles and the external force of a trained practitioner

A

joint play

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62
Q

-rolling of one joint surface on another -new points on each surface come into contact throughout the motion

A

roll

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63
Q

-technique that applies an external force to a patient’s joint to generate a passive oscillatory motion or sustained stretch between the joint surfaces

A

Joint mobilization

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64
Q

-congruent -one extreme ROM -no joint play -joint is often in this positioned when injured -when joint is swollen, it cannot be moved into this position -when ligaments and capsular are tested for stability and integrity, the joint is usually in this position

A

close-packed position

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65
Q

Small, rounded projection

A

Tubercle ex. greater tubercle of humerus

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66
Q

-may be present when pain, muscle, guarding, swelling, or abnormal anatomy stops the joint movement

A

Abnormal end feel

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67
Q

ligament is torn and no longer functions

A

severe sprain

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68
Q
  • hard, dense outer layer of all bones -thick along shaft and thin at ends
A

Compact bone

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69
Q

Ankle movement such as letting of the car’s gaspedal

A

Dorsiflexion

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70
Q

partial tearing of ligament with some loss of function

A

moderate sprain

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71
Q

What bony landmark is the arrow pointing to?

A

Bicipital groove of humerus

-groove: ditchlike groove containing a tendon or blood vessel

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72
Q

air-filled cavity within a bone

A

Sinus ex. frontal sinus in frontal bone

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73
Q

-type of the resistance that a clinician feels when bringing a patient’s joint to the end of its passive ROM then applying a slight overpressure

A

End feel

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74
Q

Less prominent ridge

A

Line ex. Linea aspera of femur

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75
Q

fracture at an angle

A

Oblique fracture

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76
Q

inflammation of bursae

A

Bursitis

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77
Q

-linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of the adjoining joint surface -one point on a joint surface connects with a new points on the adjacent surface

A

glide/slide

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78
Q

-occurs when movement produces considerable pain and the patient stops the clinician from moving the joint beyond the painful point

A

Empty end feel

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79
Q
  1. Mechanical principles that relate directly to human body 1. Static (nonmoving) 2. Dynamic (moving) 3. Kinetics (Causing movements) 4. Kinematics (time, space, & mass aspects of a moving system)
A

Biomechanics

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80
Q

-results from tension in the surrounding ligaments, capsule, and/or muscles -perceived as a firm stop to the motion with only a “slight give” on overpressure -most common

A

Firm end feel

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81
Q

responsible for bone resoprtion

A

Osteoclasts

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82
Q

fixed lines of reference along which the body is divided

A

Planes of action

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83
Q

-consists of fibrous tissue and supports and protects the joint -usually reinforced by ligaments

A

Outer layer of capsule

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84
Q

-Attaches to axial skeleton -126 bones of extremities -no irregular bones

A

Appendicular Skeleton

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85
Q

-covers the ends of opposing bones within a synovial joint -provides a smooth articulating surface in all synovial joints with the help of synovial fluid -lacks its own blood supply and must get its nutrition from synovial fluid; it cannot repair itself if it’s damaged

A

Hyaline (articular) cartilage

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86
Q

When head or vertebral column bend laterally to the side

A

Lateral Flexion

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87
Q

Structure closer to body’s surface

A

Superficial

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88
Q

-provide a bade of muscular attachment where no bone is present but where great strength is needed

A

Linea Alba (Aponerosis)

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89
Q

-fracture but all places are still in place -put in a cast

A

Nondisplaced fracture

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90
Q

Large, rounded projection

A

Tuberosity ex. Ischial tuberosity

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91
Q

-inflammation of joint capsule -when joint capsule is inflamed for extended period of time, it loses extensibility and loss of joint motion results

A

Capsulitis

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92
Q

What axis pairs with frontal plane?

A

Sagittal axis

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93
Q

A structure (or movement) closer to the feet

A

Inferior

94
Q

-areas at each end of a long bone -tends to be wider than shaft -in adult bone: osseous -in growing bone: cartilaginous

A

Epiphysis

95
Q

-pivot motion in transverse plane along longitudinal axis -pronation and supination

A

Pivot joint

96
Q

-point where the three cardinal planes intersect each other

A

Center of gravity

97
Q

tearing of a few fibers with no loss of function

A

mild sprain

98
Q

-can appear in the event that abnormal friction does occur -disappear when friction decreases

A

Acquired bursae ex. Student’s bursae

99
Q

Purpose of joint mobilization

A

used to restore joint mobility or decrease pain originating from joint structures

100
Q

-joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other -tightly compressed -difficult to distract (separate) -ligaments and capsule holding the joint together are taut

A

congruent

101
Q

A movement brings the radius and ulna parallel to one another

A

Supination

102
Q

Flex toward thumb

A

Radial Deviation

103
Q

-Upright part of body (head, thorax, trunk) -80 bones -no long or short bones

A

Axial skeleton

104
Q

Sharp ridge or border

A

Crest ex. iliac crest

105
Q

-surrounds and encases the joint and protects the articular surfaces of the bones

A

Capsule

106
Q

partial or complete tearing of ligament fibers

A

Sprains

107
Q

Further away from midline of the body

A

Lateral

108
Q

Example of roll always follows swing

A

swing anteriorly (flex)- roll anteriorly swing posteriorly (ext)- roll posteriorly

109
Q

-Relationship of the movement of bones around a joint without regard to joint surfaces -gross large movement -Big movements such as flex, ext, abd, add

A

Osteokinematics (ok)

110
Q

Sole of foot inward

A

Inversion

111
Q

-when a person’s joint is moved passively through it’s ROM -usually done to maintain or restore ROM or to determine the nature of the resistance the clinician feels at the ends of the range

A

Passive ROM

112
Q

5 types of bones

A

Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones

113
Q

-infection of the bone usually caused by bacteria -open fractures are common with this

A

Osteomyelitis

114
Q

-characterized by a hard and abrupt limit to passive joint motion with no give on pressure -bony end feel

A

hard end feel

115
Q

Closer to the midline of the body

A

Medial

116
Q

-opposite side Ex. left shoulder flex, right hip flex

A

Contralateral

117
Q

-cartilaginous material -longitudinal growth occurs here

A

Epiphyseal plate

118
Q

What bony landmark is marked out?

A

Greater tubercle of humerus

tubercle- small, rounded projection

119
Q

-most common in kids -doesn’t go all the way through the bone

A

Greenstick fracture

120
Q

-ligamentous joint -small amount of twisting and stretching movement

A

Syndesmosis

121
Q

-condition characterized by loss of normal bone density or bone mass

A

Osteoporosis

122
Q

Identify the planes

A
  1. sagittal
  2. frontal
  3. transverse
123
Q

-divides body into front and back -abduction and adduction

A

Frontal (coronal) plane

124
Q

overstretching of fibers

A

Strain

125
Q

5 types of tissues

A

fibrous cartilaginous osseous nervous vascular

126
Q

What axis pairs with sagittal plane?

A

Frontal axis

127
Q

-occurs between tooth and wall -peg in socket -no motion

A

Gomphosis

128
Q

What bony landmark is marked out?

A

External auditory meatus

Meatus: canal or tubelike opening in a bone

129
Q

when muscles contract to move joints through their ROM

A

active ROM

130
Q

fracture located in the body

A

Closed fracture

131
Q

-resemble shape of sesame seeds, small bones located where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the extremities -provide a protective groove for tendon to pass through weight bearing area -change angle of tendon’s attachment which can increase its ability to generate force at joints it crosses

A

Sesamoid bones

132
Q

Further towards the back of the body

A

Posterior

133
Q

builds up the sides of relatively flat articular surface of tibia

A

Meniscus (fibrocartilage)

134
Q

-suture joint -thin layer of fibrous periosteum between the two bones purpose: provide shape and strength

A

Synarthrosis ex. sutures of skull

135
Q

Purpose of joints

A

-allow motion -bear weight of body -provide stability (more stability; less mobility)

136
Q

-main shaft of bone -mostly compact bone: gives strength

A

Diapysis

137
Q

-exists when there is full PROM at a joint and the motion is limited by the expected anatomical structures for that particular joint

A

Normal end feel

138
Q

A structure of arm or leg that is further away from the trunk

A

Distal

139
Q

Flat or shallow articular surface

A

Facet ex. articular facet of rib

140
Q

Further toward front of the body

A

Anterior

141
Q

-convex/concave relationship -most synovial joints -one bone is usually larger than its adjacent bone end -permits a greater ROM on a lesser articular surface, which reduces the size of the join

A

Ovoid joint

142
Q

-Movement outside of body -Same distance - Same direction - Same time

A

Linear motion

143
Q

-designed to help maintain a structure’s shape Ex. external ear and eustachian (auditory) tube; also in larynx where its motion is important to speech

A

Elastic cartilage

144
Q

Lying on stomach

A

Prone

145
Q

Located where tendons attach to bones and are subject to a pulling, or traction, force

A

Traction epiphysis

146
Q

Very large prominence for muscle attachment

A

Trochanter ex. greater trochanter of femur

147
Q

Movement that moves the limb laterally away from midline

A

Abduction

148
Q

-occurs when the head of femur becomes displaced due to a separation at the growth plate

A

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

149
Q

-joint approximation -joint surfaces are pushed close together -occurs with weight bearing

A

Compression

150
Q

-Form of linear motion that occurs in a curved path

A

Curvilinear

151
Q

fracture all the way through the bone

A

Transverse fracture

152
Q

-dense, fibrous connective tissue that can withstand great amounts of pressure and tension

A

Cartilage

153
Q

points that run through the center of a joint around which a part rotates

A

Axes

154
Q

-occurs in two different directions -flexion and extension -radial and ulnar deviation

A

Biaxial joint

155
Q

-bones fit like horseback rider in saddle ex. CMC of thumb

A

Saddle

156
Q

Ankle movement such as stepping on the car’s gaspedal

A

Plantar Flexion

157
Q

3 types of fibrous joint

A

-synarthrosis -syndesmosis -gomphosis

158
Q

inflammation of synovial membrane

A

Synovitis

159
Q

-up and down movement

A

Passive oscillatory joint mobilization

160
Q

Closer to the head

A

Cranial

161
Q

-thick, vascular connective tissue that secretes synovial fluid

A

Synovial membrane

162
Q

-acts as a shock absorber and is present in both synovial and cartilaginous joints -also fills the gaps between two bones

A

Fibrocartilage

163
Q

-connection between two bones -contains synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint and nourishes the cartilage

A

Joint

164
Q

Types of AK motion

A

-roll, spin, glide -most joint movement involved a combination of all three motions

165
Q

-hyaline (fibrocartilage) cartilage between two bones -allows a small amount of motion such as bending, twisting, and compression -provide a great deal of stability

A

Cartilaginous (amphiarthrodial) joint

166
Q

bone fracture that broke the skin

A

Open/compound fracture

167
Q

Joint structure- components -bands of fibrous connective tissue -provide attachment for cartilage, fascia, or muscle -flexible but not elastic -prevent excessive joint movement

A

Ligaments

168
Q

-Movement of objection around a fixed point - same angle, direction, and time -Movement within the body

A

Angular Motion

169
Q

-reflexive muscle guarding during motion -protective response seen with acute injury

A

Muscle spasm end feel

170
Q

2 types of uniaxial joint

A

pivot hinge

171
Q

deepens the shallow glenoid fossa making it more of a socket to hold the humeral head

A

Labrum (fibrocartilage)

172
Q

-broad, flat tendinous sheet -found in several places where muscles attach to bone

A

Aponeurosis

173
Q

Bone composition

A

1/3 living (organic) 2/3 nonliving (inorganic) -considered living b/c made up of tissue

174
Q

What bony landmark is the arrow pointing to?

A

Medial epicondyle of humerus

epicondyle: prominence above or on a condyle

175
Q

Flex toward pinky

A

Ulnar Deviation

176
Q

Which bony landmark is marked out?

A

Vertebral FORAMEN of cervical vertebrae

-hole through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass through

177
Q

-not lined and typically require surgery -caused by direct or indirect force

A

Displaced fracture

178
Q

-membrane that lines medullary canal -contains osteoclasts

A

Endosteum

179
Q

-hollow and decreases weight of bone -contains marrow and provide passage for nutrient arteries

A

Medullary canal

180
Q

Movement that brings limb laterally towards the body’s midline

A

Adduction

181
Q

-motion -body segments that move (flex, ext, abd, add)

A

swing

182
Q

Structure of arm or leg that is closer to the trunk

A

Proximal

183
Q

2 types of Biaxial joint

A

Condyloid Saddle

184
Q

Roles of skeletal system

A

-gives support -manufacture blood cells -allow movement -protect vital organs -storage site for calcium and other mineral salts

185
Q

Closer to buttocks

A

Caudal

186
Q

What bony landmark is marked out?

A

Condyle

Condyle- rounded, knuckle-like projection

187
Q

-moving the joint with high speed through a very slight and the calculated range that is just past where joint play ends ex. when chiropractor snaps neck

A

Joint Manipulation

188
Q

What bony landmark is highlighted?

A

Iliac crest

crest: sharp ridge or border

189
Q

number of planes in which they move

A

Degrees of freedom

190
Q

-proximal head of femur is common site -when blood supply is interrupted to the femoral head causing necrosis of bone at the pressure epipysis

A

Legg-Calve-Perthes disease

191
Q

-condition of reduced bone mass -not as severe as osteoporosis

A

Osteopenia

192
Q

-Relationship of joint surface movement (roll, spin, and glide) -Joint moving through space Ex. As I flex my shoulder, the humeral head has to roll and glide against the scapula.

A

Arthrokinematics (ak)

193
Q

-small AK joint motions that accompany OK motion -active motion

A

Component

194
Q

What bony landmark is highlighted?

A

scapular spine

spine- long, thin projection (spinous process)

195
Q

-each joint has a characteristic pattern of lost motion that presents when capsular tightness is present

A

capsular pattern

196
Q

-occurs when an other-than-vertical is applied -compression on concave side -traction on convex -common in knee

A

Bending

197
Q

-rotation of the movable joint surface on the fixed adjacent surface -same point on each surface remains in contact with each other

A

spin

198
Q

A limb at the shoulder or hip turns towards the midline

A

Medial Rotation

199
Q

-glide occurs in opposite direction as roll (swing) -shoulder, wrist, hip

A

convex joint surfaces

200
Q

-occurs at the traction epiphysis of the tibial tuberosity in children whose bones are still growing

A

Osgood-Schlatter disease

201
Q

-no direct union between bones -allows free motion -not as stable as other joints -cavity filled with synovial fluid contained within a sleeve-like capsule -articular surface is smooth and covered with hyaline/articular cartilage

A

Synovial (diarthrodial) joint

202
Q

What bony landmark is marked out?

A

articular facet of rib

facet- flat or shallow articular surface

203
Q

-thin, fibrous periosteum between two bones

A

Fibrous joint

204
Q

A movement when the radius crosses over the ulna

A

Pronation

205
Q

thin columns and plates filled with marrow and makes the bones lighter

A

Trabeculae

206
Q

What axis pairs with the transverse plane?

A

Vertical axis

207
Q

-involves twisting -combination of compression and shear

A

Torsion/Rotary forces

208
Q

Ligaments surrounding synovial joint

A

Capsular ligaments

209
Q

What bony landmark is marked out?

A

Femoral head

head- rounded articular projection beyond a narrow, necklike portion of bone

210
Q

-joint movement commonly thought of as one bone moving on another: causing such as flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, or rotation -done under voluntary control -can occur passively or actively

A

Osteokinematic motion

211
Q

A structure deeper in the body

A

Deep

212
Q

Prominence above or on a condyle

A

Epicondyle ex. Medial epicondyle of humerus

213
Q

Nonliving, organic composition (2/3)

A

provides hardness and strength

214
Q

-flared part of bone that serves as a transition from the end of each diaphysis to each epiphysis -mostly cancellous bone and functions to support the epiphysis

A

Metaphysis

215
Q

Canal or tublelike opening in a bone

A

Meatus ex. external auditory meatus

216
Q

-happens when you fall and try to catch yourself -fractures and displaces at distal radius

A

Colles Fracture

217
Q

-a rebound movement is felt at the end of the ROM -usually occurs with internal derangement of a joint, such as torn cartilage

A

Springy block end feel

218
Q

-porous, spongy inside -located at ends of bones -makes up most of articular ends of bones -has trabeculae

A

Cancellous bone

219
Q

-motion occurs actively around all three axes -Ball and socket joint -flex and ext (frontal axis) -abd and add (Sagittal axis) -rotation (vertical axis)

A

Trixial (multiaxial) joint

220
Q

Rounded articular projection beyond a narrow, neck-like portion of bone

A

Head ex. femoral head

221
Q

-Universal reference point for everything -Upright position, eyes forward, feet together, arms at side of body with palms facing forward

A

Anatomical position

222
Q

-Rigid Framework of the human body

A

Skeletal system

223
Q

-variety of mixed shapes that don’t fit into other categories

A

Irregular bones

224
Q

-glide occurs in same direction as roll (swing) -mcp (knuckles), knee, elbow

A

concave joint surfaces

225
Q

What bony landmark is marked out?

A

Intercondylar eminence of tibia

Eminence- projecting, prominent part of bone

226
Q

-ellipsoid joint because of their shape ex. wrist and MCP

A

Condyloid

227
Q

-very broad surface but not thick -curved surface rather than flat

A

Flat bones

228
Q

-divides body into top and bottom -rotation

A

Transverse (horizontal) plane

229
Q

Rounded knuckle-like projection

A

Condyle ex. medial condyle of femur

230
Q

What bony landmark is marked out?

A

Frontal sinus

Sinus: air filled cavity within a bone

231
Q

What bony landmark is marked out?

A

Linea aspera of femur

line- less prominent ridge

Kinesiology PTA 125 (21 decks)

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