Exam 1 (Ch 1-4) Flashcards
1
Q
-provide contractile force that causes joints to move -must span the joint to have an effect on that joint -soft and cannot attach directly to bone
A
Muscle
2
Q
“caved” in much like a cave
A
concave
3
Q
-partial dislocation of a joint and usually occurs over a period of time ex. after a stroke, muscle paralysis and weight of arm slowly separate the shoulder joint
A
Subluxation
4
Q
- caused joint distraction in which joint surfaces pull apart from one another -due to external force
A
Traction
5
Q
Yellow Part of body?
Green part of body?
A
Axial
Appendicular
6
Q
Hollow or depression
A
Fossa Ex. Glenoid fossa of scapula
7
Q
Joint structure- components - two that are articulate with each other -amount and direction of motion allowed at each joint are dictated by shape of the bone ends by the articular surface of each bone
A
Bones
8
Q
- length is greater than width -largest bones of body and most of appendicular skeleton
A
Long bones
9
Q
A movement that straightens or opens a joint
A
Extension
10
Q
-lined with a synovial membrane
A
Inner layer of capsule
11
Q
-AK movement that happens between joint surfaces when an external force creates a passive motion at the joint
A
Joint play movement
12
Q
-often found in acute condition in which soft tissue edema is present such as immediately after a severly sprained ankle or with synovitis -soft “wet sponge” feel
A
Boggy end feel
13
Q
-glide motion -movement tends to be linear instead of angular -occurs secondarily to other motion -joint surfaces are relatively flat and glide over one another instead of one moving around the other (plane, joint)
A
Nonaxial joint
14
Q
-divides the body into right and left -flexion and extension
A
Sagittal plane
15
Q
What bony landmark is highlighted?
A
Ischial tuberosity
tuberosity- large, rounded projection
16
Q
A movement of the head and vertebral column along the transverse plane
A
Rotation
17
Q
-caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of cartilage or one or more joints
A
Osteoarthritis (degenerative)
18
Q
-must connect them to bone -cylindrical cord or flattened band -encased in tendon sheathes
A
Tendon
19
Q
Living, organic composition (1/3)
A
gives bone elasticity
20
Q
3 types of normal end feel
A
soft, firm hard
21
Q
Structure (or movement) closer to head
A
Superior
22
Q
A limb at the shoulder or hip turns away from the midline
A
Lateral Rotation
23
Q
inflammation of a tendon
A
Tendonitis
24
Q
What is the bony landmark marked out?
A
Glenoid fossa
-hollow or depression
25
-tend to have more equal dimensions of height, length, and width -cube shaped -great deal of articular surface
Short bones
26
-each joint is concave in one direction and convex in another -carpometacarpal joint of the thub
Sellar (saddle-shaped) joint
27
-rounded outward like a mound
convex
28
-constant sustained pressure ex. constant pressure on a gas pedal
Sustained stretch joint mobilization
29
A movement that bends a joint bringing the bones closer together
Flexion
30
-same side Ex. Right hip and shoulder flex
Ipsilateral
31
Lying on back
Supine
32
Study of movement Combines anatomy, physiology, physics, and geometry
Kinesiology
33
-angular motion occuring in one plane around one axis
Uniaxial joint
34
-knee and elbow -flexion and extension which occur in sagittal plane around frontal axis
Hinge Joint
35
-break in continuity of the bony cortex caused by direct force, indirect force, or pathology -described by type, direction of fracture, or position of bone fragments
Fracture, broke bone, cracked bone
36
-forces that occur parallel to the joint surface -results in glide motion of joint
Shear
37
joint motion
OK
38
Located at ends of long bones where they receive pressure from opposing bone making up that joint
Pressure epiphysis
39
-thick, clear fluid that lubricates the articular surface -reduces friction -helps joint move freely -shock absorption -major source of nutrition for articular cartilage
Synovial fluid
40
Ways to classify joints
-movement -shape -type of connective tissue surrounding it
41
Ditchlike groove containing a tendon or blood vessel
Groove ex. bicipital (intercondylar) groove of humerus
42
Projecting prominent part of bone
Eminence ex. Intercondylar eminence of tibia
43
-thin, fiborous membrane covering all the bone except the articular surface -contains nerve and blood vessels that are important in providing nourishment promoting growth in diameter of immature bone and repairing the bone -serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments - greater number of pain receptors which makes it pain sensitive when overstressed
Periosteum
44
-position of maximum incongruence -resting position -parts of capsule and supporting ligaments are lax -minimal congruency between the articular surface -further passive separation of the joint surfaces can occur in this position -joint play allowed -importance for joint mobilization -allows for roll, spin, and glide
open-packed or loose-packed
45
Combination of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
Circumduction
46
long, thing projection (spinous process)
Spine ex. Scapular spine
47
-motions that are accessory to classical movement -not under voluntary control -roll, spin, glide
Accessory movement
48
-small, padlike sacs are found around most joints -located in areas of excessive friction such as between tendons and bony prominences -lined with synovial membrane and filled with a clear fluid -reduce friction between moving parts
Bursae
49
-Hole through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
Foramen Ex. vertebral foramen of cervical vertebra
50
-fibrous sleeves surround the tendon when it's subject to pressure or friction such as when it passes between muscle and bones or through a tunnel of bones -lubricated by fluid secreted from their lining
Tendon sheaths
51
joint surface motion
AK
52
-may be present when pain, muscle guarding, swelling, or abnormal anatomy stops the joint movement
Abnormal end feel
53
-muscle bulk is compressed
Soft end feel (soft tissue approximation)
54
Sole of foot outward
Eversion
55
-manner in which adjoining joint surfaces move on each other during OK joint movement
Arthrokinematic motion
56
-two or both sides Ex. both shoulders more
Bilateral
57
-complete separation of the two articular surfaces of a joint -portion of joint capsule surrounding the joint will be torn
Dislocation
58
- Form of linear motion that occurs in a straight line
Rectilinear
59
-inflammation of the tendon sheath and is often cause by repetitive use -common sites: tendon of long head of biceps and flexor tendons on hand
Tenosynovitis
60
What bony landmark is marked out?
Greater and lesser trochanter
trochanter- very large, prominence for muscle attachment
61
-demonstrated in these open-packed position -not a voluntary movement -passive movement of one articular surface over another -requires relaxed muscles and the external force of a trained practitioner
joint play
62
-rolling of one joint surface on another -new points on each surface come into contact throughout the motion
roll
63
-technique that applies an external force to a patient's joint to generate a passive oscillatory motion or sustained stretch between the joint surfaces
Joint mobilization
64
-congruent -one extreme ROM -no joint play -joint is often in this positioned when injured -when joint is swollen, it cannot be moved into this position -when ligaments and capsular are tested for stability and integrity, the joint is usually in this position
close-packed position
65
Small, rounded projection
Tubercle ex. greater tubercle of humerus
66
-may be present when pain, muscle, guarding, swelling, or abnormal anatomy stops the joint movement
Abnormal end feel
67
ligament is torn and no longer functions
severe sprain
68
- hard, dense outer layer of all bones -thick along shaft and thin at ends
Compact bone
69
Ankle movement such as letting of the car's gaspedal
Dorsiflexion
70
partial tearing of ligament with some loss of function
moderate sprain
71
What bony landmark is the arrow pointing to?
Bicipital groove of humerus
-groove: ditchlike groove containing a tendon or blood vessel
72
air-filled cavity within a bone
Sinus ex. frontal sinus in frontal bone
73
-type of the resistance that a clinician feels when bringing a patient's joint to the end of its passive ROM then applying a slight overpressure
End feel
74
Less prominent ridge
Line ex. Linea aspera of femur
75
fracture at an angle
Oblique fracture
76
inflammation of bursae
Bursitis
77
-linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of the adjoining joint surface -one point on a joint surface connects with a new points on the adjacent surface
glide/slide
78
-occurs when movement produces considerable pain and the patient stops the clinician from moving the joint beyond the painful point
Empty end feel
79
1. Mechanical principles that relate directly to human body 1. Static (nonmoving) 2. Dynamic (moving) 3. Kinetics (Causing movements) 4. Kinematics (time, space, & mass aspects of a moving system)
Biomechanics
80
-results from tension in the surrounding ligaments, capsule, and/or muscles -perceived as a firm stop to the motion with only a "slight give" on overpressure -most common
Firm end feel
81
responsible for bone resoprtion
Osteoclasts
82
fixed lines of reference along which the body is divided
Planes of action
83
-consists of fibrous tissue and supports and protects the joint -usually reinforced by ligaments
Outer layer of capsule
84
-Attaches to axial skeleton -126 bones of extremities -no irregular bones
Appendicular Skeleton
85
-covers the ends of opposing bones within a synovial joint -provides a smooth articulating surface in all synovial joints with the help of synovial fluid -lacks its own blood supply and must get its nutrition from synovial fluid; it cannot repair itself if it's damaged
Hyaline (articular) cartilage
86
When head or vertebral column bend laterally to the side
Lateral Flexion
87
Structure closer to body's surface
Superficial
88
-provide a bade of muscular attachment where no bone is present but where great strength is needed
Linea Alba (Aponerosis)
89
-fracture but all places are still in place -put in a cast
Nondisplaced fracture
90
Large, rounded projection
Tuberosity ex. Ischial tuberosity
91
-inflammation of joint capsule -when joint capsule is inflamed for extended period of time, it loses extensibility and loss of joint motion results
Capsulitis
92
What axis pairs with frontal plane?
Sagittal axis
93
A structure (or movement) closer to the feet
Inferior
94
-areas at each end of a long bone -tends to be wider than shaft -in adult bone: osseous -in growing bone: cartilaginous
Epiphysis
95
-pivot motion in transverse plane along longitudinal axis -pronation and supination
Pivot joint
96
-point where the three cardinal planes intersect each other
Center of gravity
97
tearing of a few fibers with no loss of function
mild sprain
98
-can appear in the event that abnormal friction does occur -disappear when friction decreases
Acquired bursae ex. Student's bursae
99
Purpose of joint mobilization
used to restore joint mobility or decrease pain originating from joint structures
100
-joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other -tightly compressed -difficult to distract (separate) -ligaments and capsule holding the joint together are taut
congruent
101
A movement brings the radius and ulna parallel to one another
Supination
102
Flex toward thumb
Radial Deviation
103
-Upright part of body (head, thorax, trunk) -80 bones -no long or short bones
Axial skeleton
104
Sharp ridge or border
Crest ex. iliac crest
105
-surrounds and encases the joint and protects the articular surfaces of the bones
Capsule
106
partial or complete tearing of ligament fibers
Sprains
107
Further away from midline of the body
Lateral
108
Example of roll always follows swing
swing anteriorly (flex)- roll anteriorly swing posteriorly (ext)- roll posteriorly
109
-Relationship of the movement of bones around a joint without regard to joint surfaces -gross large movement -Big movements such as flex, ext, abd, add
Osteokinematics (ok)
110
Sole of foot inward
Inversion
111
-when a person's joint is moved passively through it's ROM -usually done to maintain or restore ROM or to determine the nature of the resistance the clinician feels at the ends of the range
Passive ROM
112
5 types of bones
Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones
113
-infection of the bone usually caused by bacteria -open fractures are common with this
Osteomyelitis
114
-characterized by a hard and abrupt limit to passive joint motion with no give on pressure -bony end feel
hard end feel
115
Closer to the midline of the body
Medial
116
-opposite side Ex. left shoulder flex, right hip flex
Contralateral
117
-cartilaginous material -longitudinal growth occurs here
Epiphyseal plate
118
What bony landmark is marked out?
Greater tubercle of humerus
tubercle- small, rounded projection
119
-most common in kids -doesn't go all the way through the bone
Greenstick fracture
120
-ligamentous joint -small amount of twisting and stretching movement
Syndesmosis
121
-condition characterized by loss of normal bone density or bone mass
Osteoporosis
122
Identify the planes
1. sagittal
2. frontal
3. transverse
123
-divides body into front and back -abduction and adduction
Frontal (coronal) plane
124
overstretching of fibers
Strain
125
5 types of tissues
fibrous cartilaginous osseous nervous vascular
126
What axis pairs with sagittal plane?
Frontal axis
127
-occurs between tooth and wall -peg in socket -no motion
Gomphosis
128
What bony landmark is marked out?
External auditory meatus
Meatus: canal or tubelike opening in a bone
129
when muscles contract to move joints through their ROM
active ROM
130
fracture located in the body
Closed fracture
131
-resemble shape of sesame seeds, small bones located where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the extremities -provide a protective groove for tendon to pass through weight bearing area -change angle of tendon's attachment which can increase its ability to generate force at joints it crosses
Sesamoid bones
132
Further towards the back of the body
Posterior
133
builds up the sides of relatively flat articular surface of tibia
Meniscus (fibrocartilage)
134
-suture joint -thin layer of fibrous periosteum between the two bones purpose: provide shape and strength
Synarthrosis ex. sutures of skull
135
Purpose of joints
-allow motion -bear weight of body -provide stability (more stability; less mobility)
136
-main shaft of bone -mostly compact bone: gives strength
Diapysis
137
-exists when there is full PROM at a joint and the motion is limited by the expected anatomical structures for that particular joint
Normal end feel
138
A structure of arm or leg that is further away from the trunk
Distal
139
Flat or shallow articular surface
Facet ex. articular facet of rib
140
Further toward front of the body
Anterior
141
-convex/concave relationship -most synovial joints -one bone is usually larger than its adjacent bone end -permits a greater ROM on a lesser articular surface, which reduces the size of the join
Ovoid joint
142
-Movement outside of body -Same distance - Same direction - Same time
Linear motion
143
-designed to help maintain a structure's shape Ex. external ear and eustachian (auditory) tube; also in larynx where its motion is important to speech
Elastic cartilage
144
Lying on stomach
Prone
145
Located where tendons attach to bones and are subject to a pulling, or traction, force
Traction epiphysis
146
Very large prominence for muscle attachment
Trochanter ex. greater trochanter of femur
147
Movement that moves the limb laterally away from midline
Abduction
148
-occurs when the head of femur becomes displaced due to a separation at the growth plate
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
149
-joint approximation -joint surfaces are pushed close together -occurs with weight bearing
Compression
150
-Form of linear motion that occurs in a curved path
Curvilinear
151
fracture all the way through the bone
Transverse fracture
152
-dense, fibrous connective tissue that can withstand great amounts of pressure and tension
Cartilage
153
points that run through the center of a joint around which a part rotates
Axes
154
-occurs in two different directions -flexion and extension -radial and ulnar deviation
Biaxial joint
155
-bones fit like horseback rider in saddle ex. CMC of thumb
Saddle
156
Ankle movement such as stepping on the car's gaspedal
Plantar Flexion
157
3 types of fibrous joint
-synarthrosis -syndesmosis -gomphosis
158
inflammation of synovial membrane
Synovitis
159
-up and down movement
Passive oscillatory joint mobilization
160
Closer to the head
Cranial
161
-thick, vascular connective tissue that secretes synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
162
-acts as a shock absorber and is present in both synovial and cartilaginous joints -also fills the gaps between two bones
Fibrocartilage
163
-connection between two bones -contains synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint and nourishes the cartilage
Joint
164
Types of AK motion
-roll, spin, glide -most joint movement involved a combination of all three motions
165
-hyaline (fibrocartilage) cartilage between two bones -allows a small amount of motion such as bending, twisting, and compression -provide a great deal of stability
Cartilaginous (amphiarthrodial) joint
166
bone fracture that broke the skin
Open/compound fracture
167
Joint structure- components -bands of fibrous connective tissue -provide attachment for cartilage, fascia, or muscle -flexible but not elastic -prevent excessive joint movement
Ligaments
168
-Movement of objection around a fixed point - same angle, direction, and time -Movement within the body
Angular Motion
169
-reflexive muscle guarding during motion -protective response seen with acute injury
Muscle spasm end feel
170
2 types of uniaxial joint
pivot hinge
171
deepens the shallow glenoid fossa making it more of a socket to hold the humeral head
Labrum (fibrocartilage)
172
-broad, flat tendinous sheet -found in several places where muscles attach to bone
Aponeurosis
173
Bone composition
1/3 living (organic) 2/3 nonliving (inorganic) -considered living b/c made up of tissue
174
What bony landmark is the arrow pointing to?
Medial epicondyle of humerus
epicondyle: prominence above or on a condyle
175
Flex toward pinky
Ulnar Deviation
176
Which bony landmark is marked out?
Vertebral FORAMEN of cervical vertebrae
-hole through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass through
177
-not lined and typically require surgery -caused by direct or indirect force
Displaced fracture
178
-membrane that lines medullary canal -contains osteoclasts
Endosteum
179
-hollow and decreases weight of bone -contains marrow and provide passage for nutrient arteries
Medullary canal
180
Movement that brings limb laterally towards the body's midline
Adduction
181
-motion -body segments that move (flex, ext, abd, add)
swing
182
Structure of arm or leg that is closer to the trunk
Proximal
183
2 types of Biaxial joint
Condyloid Saddle
184
Roles of skeletal system
-gives support -manufacture blood cells -allow movement -protect vital organs -storage site for calcium and other mineral salts
185
Closer to buttocks
Caudal
186
What bony landmark is marked out?
Condyle
Condyle- rounded, knuckle-like projection
187
-moving the joint with high speed through a very slight and the calculated range that is just past where joint play ends ex. when chiropractor snaps neck
Joint Manipulation
188
What bony landmark is highlighted?
Iliac crest
crest: sharp ridge or border
189
number of planes in which they move
Degrees of freedom
190
-proximal head of femur is common site -when blood supply is interrupted to the femoral head causing necrosis of bone at the pressure epipysis
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
191
-condition of reduced bone mass -not as severe as osteoporosis
Osteopenia
192
-Relationship of joint surface movement (roll, spin, and glide) -Joint moving through space Ex. As I flex my shoulder, the humeral head has to roll and glide against the scapula.
Arthrokinematics (ak)
193
-small AK joint motions that accompany OK motion -active motion
Component
194
What bony landmark is highlighted?
scapular spine
spine- long, thin projection (spinous process)
195
-each joint has a characteristic pattern of lost motion that presents when capsular tightness is present
capsular pattern
196
-occurs when an other-than-vertical is applied -compression on concave side -traction on convex -common in knee
Bending
197
-rotation of the movable joint surface on the fixed adjacent surface -same point on each surface remains in contact with each other
spin
198
A limb at the shoulder or hip turns towards the midline
Medial Rotation
199
-glide occurs in opposite direction as roll (swing) -shoulder, wrist, hip
convex joint surfaces
200
-occurs at the traction epiphysis of the tibial tuberosity in children whose bones are still growing
Osgood-Schlatter disease
201
-no direct union between bones -allows free motion -not as stable as other joints -cavity filled with synovial fluid contained within a sleeve-like capsule -articular surface is smooth and covered with hyaline/articular cartilage
Synovial (diarthrodial) joint
202
What bony landmark is marked out?
articular facet of rib
facet- flat or shallow articular surface
203
-thin, fibrous periosteum between two bones
Fibrous joint
204
A movement when the radius crosses over the ulna
Pronation
205
thin columns and plates filled with marrow and makes the bones lighter
Trabeculae
206
What axis pairs with the transverse plane?
Vertical axis
207
-involves twisting -combination of compression and shear
Torsion/Rotary forces
208
Ligaments surrounding synovial joint
Capsular ligaments
209
What bony landmark is marked out?
Femoral head
head- rounded articular projection beyond a narrow, necklike portion of bone
210
-joint movement commonly thought of as one bone moving on another: causing such as flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, or rotation -done under voluntary control -can occur passively or actively
Osteokinematic motion
211
A structure deeper in the body
Deep
212
Prominence above or on a condyle
Epicondyle ex. Medial epicondyle of humerus
213
Nonliving, organic composition (2/3)
provides hardness and strength
214
-flared part of bone that serves as a transition from the end of each diaphysis to each epiphysis -mostly cancellous bone and functions to support the epiphysis
Metaphysis
215
Canal or tublelike opening in a bone
Meatus ex. external auditory meatus
216
-happens when you fall and try to catch yourself -fractures and displaces at distal radius
Colles Fracture
217
-a rebound movement is felt at the end of the ROM -usually occurs with internal derangement of a joint, such as torn cartilage
Springy block end feel
218
-porous, spongy inside -located at ends of bones -makes up most of articular ends of bones -has trabeculae
Cancellous bone
219
-motion occurs actively around all three axes -Ball and socket joint -flex and ext (frontal axis) -abd and add (Sagittal axis) -rotation (vertical axis)
Trixial (multiaxial) joint
220
Rounded articular projection beyond a narrow, neck-like portion of bone
Head ex. femoral head
221
-Universal reference point for everything -Upright position, eyes forward, feet together, arms at side of body with palms facing forward
Anatomical position
222
-Rigid Framework of the human body
Skeletal system
223
-variety of mixed shapes that don't fit into other categories
Irregular bones
224
-glide occurs in same direction as roll (swing) -mcp (knuckles), knee, elbow
concave joint surfaces
225
What bony landmark is marked out?
Intercondylar eminence of tibia
Eminence- projecting, prominent part of bone
226
-ellipsoid joint because of their shape ex. wrist and MCP
Condyloid
227
-very broad surface but not thick -curved surface rather than flat
Flat bones
228
-divides body into top and bottom -rotation
Transverse (horizontal) plane
229
Rounded knuckle-like projection
Condyle ex. medial condyle of femur
230
What bony landmark is marked out?
Frontal sinus
Sinus: air filled cavity within a bone
231
What bony landmark is marked out?
Linea aspera of femur
line- less prominent ridge
