Exam 2 (ch 5,6) Flashcards
deep inside brain; important for horone function and behavior
hypothalamus
once outside the spinal cord, the anterior (motor) and posterior (sensory) roots joint together to form the spinal nerve which passes through the (x)
intervertebral foramen
symptoms: severe headache, sudden hypertension, facial flush, sweating, gooseflesh
autonomic dysreflexia
size of muscles: pectoralis major and minor
large v small
muscle innervation: pronators, wrist and finger flexors on radial side; most thumb muscles; 1st and 2nd lumbricals
median nerve
controls mostly visceral structures
autonomic nervous system
Where does the transition from medulla to spinal cord occur?
foramen magnum
what is this called when there is loss of median nerve?
Pope’s blessing
T1 exits (x) T1 and so on down the vertebral column
under
What muscle is highlighted?
subscapularis; oblique, multipennate muscle
bony defect through which the meninges protrude; little or no nerve damage
meningocele
caused by injury to the common peroneal nerve; commonly caused by pressure to the head of fibula due to a tight cast or bed positioning during periods of prolonged immobility
foot drop
begins at anterior horn of spinal cord; sends motor impulses out of the muscles and receiving sensory impulses from the skin; all nervous tissue outside of the vertebral canal and brainstem
peripheral nervous system
hyperreflexia; serious and potentially life-threatning complication associated with spinal cord injuries at or above T10; usually triggered by noxious stimulus below level of injury
autonomic dysreflexia
unmyelinated fibers; includes the cerebral cortex and central portion of spinal cord
gray matter
fundamental unit of nervous tissue
neuron
point where tendon meets bone
tenoperiosteal junction
clinical motor features of paralysis: loss of elbow flexion, weakened supination
musculocutaneous nerve
each hemisphere is divided into four lobes
lobes
transmit impulses away from the body
axon
purpose of ascending (sensoru) and descending (motor) pathways
carries a particular type of impulse such as touch from and to a specific area
divides into superficial and deep fibular (peroneal) nerves
common fibular nerve
of heads/divisions: sternocleidomastoid
attaches on sternum, mastoid, and clavicle
What muscle is highlighted?
Rectus femoris; oblique, bipennate muscle
“little brain”
cerebellum
Where is the subarachnoid space located where cerebrospinal fluid circulates?
between the layers of arachnoid and pia mater
what nerve is shown?
musculocutaneous nerve
What muscle is highlighted?
flexor pollicis longus; oblique, unipennate muscle
wrist extensors receive innervation from??
C6-C8
what nerve is shown?
common peroneal nerve
fatty sheath surrounding the axon
myelin
muscles with a more equal horizontal and vertical line or pull will (x)
have a role in both motions
pros of stretching
done to increase the resting length of muscle
hip flexors and knee extensors are innervated?
L2 and L4
results from injury to one side of the spinal cord causing weakness and loss of proprioception on the side of injury, loss of pain, and thermal sensation on opposite side
brown-sequard syndrome
high radial nerve injury which causes a loss of write and finger extension; often caused by a midhumeral fracture
wrist drop
fibers tend to be shorter but are more numerous per given area, so have greater strength potential but smaller ROM
oblique muscle fibers
a peripheral nerve usually accompanied by neurological deficits along nerve pathways; classified according to cause or anatomical location
neuropathy
how many spinal nerves are there?
31 spinal nerves
how many thoracic nerves are there?
12 nerves (eat lunch at 12)
bony protection of CNS?
skull and vertebrae
mixed cranial nerves that deal with heart, lungs, and GI tract
nerve X; vagus
hip extensors and knee flexors are innervated???
L5-S2
provide muscle with innervation at more than one level
function of plexus
agonist usually becomes actively insufficient (cannot contract any further) before the antagonist becomes passively insufficient (cannot be stretched further)
stretching
Tibialis posterior, Semimembranous, flexor pollicis longus muscles are
oblique, unipennate muscle
area of skin supplied with the sensory fibers of a spinal nerve
dermatome
found in CNS; function is to transmit or integrate signals from one or more sensory neurons and relay impulses to motor neurons
interneuron
takes many forms depending on spinal level and area of damage; result in loss of sensation and muscle function
spinal cord injury
what is this calls when it occurs because of loss of ulnar nerve
claw hand
spinal cord segment of musculocutaneous nerve?
C5. C6. C7
important in coordination of motor movement
basal ganglia
free weights, resistance training machines found in gym that allows hand and feet to move through space, manual muscle testing, non-weight bearing are examples of
open kinetic chain
intrinsics of hand are innervated?
C8 and T1
spinal nerve, nerve root, plexus, peripheral nerve are
groups of fibers (tract) within the PNS
3 layers of membranes within the skull; covers the brain & provide support and protection
meninges
common line of pull for most muscles?
diagonal line of pull
a joint(s) that allow muscles to have sufficient excursion to allow joint to move through entire range
one joint muscles
occurs when a multi joint muscle cannot be lengthened any further without damage to its fibers; occurs to antagonist
passive insufficiency
deals with conserving energy
Parasympathetic Nervous system
what muscle contractions occurs when resistance remains constant and speed varies
isotonic
located below the cerebrum
brainstem
What happens when muscles are shortened too far?
some actin filaments are overlapping thus reducing the available binding sites from myosin heads
spinal segment of common fibular nerve
L4, L5, S1, S2
nerve that is formed by branches of C3-5 and innervated diaphragm
phrenic nerve
direction of fibers: external and internal oblique muscles
direction of fibers and their depth to one another
muscle innervation: hip flexors and knee extensors; iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major), sartorrus, pectineus, quadriceps, femoris
femoral nerve
What muscle is highlighted?
trapezius; parallel, triangular muscle
midbrain, pons, medulla
parts of brainstem
anterior and superior areas of cranium above the brain stem and cerebellum
cerebrum location
when will complete anesthesia occur to spinal nerves?
only will occur unless more than two spinal nerves have lost function
Common sites for tendonitis
musculotendinous junction, tenoperiosteal junction, or within body of tendon
which plexus is shown?
lumbosacral plexus
“water on brain”; congenital or acquired defect involving cerebrospinal fluid production, absorption, and flow through the ventricles and subarachnoid space; can result in abnormal widening of the ventricles, which creates potentially harmful pressure on brain tissues
hydrocephalus
What happens when a muscle is shortened or lengthened beyond optimal length?
the contractile force of a muscle is reduced
triceps (elbow extensors) receive innervation?
C7-8
deep within the cerebral hemispheres beneath cortex; mass of nerve cells serves as a relay station for body sensations; where pain is perceived
thalamus
What type of joint where the excursion of the muscle will be greater than ROM allowed by joint
one joint muscle
Deals with stress and stimulation
Sympathetic Nervous system
medial nerve injury resulting in loss of thumb opposition
ape hand
involves the non-contractile units of a muscle when stretching much like a rubber band
passive tension
functions of myelin
increase speed of impulse conduction in the myelinated fibers
group of disorders that occur when the nerves of brachial plexus and/or the subclavian artery and vein become compressed in throacic outlet
throacic outlet syndrome
clinical motor: weakened hip flexion, loss of knee extension
femoral nerve
top portion of H; receives and transmits sensory impulses
posterior horn of gray matter
muscle innervation:elbow flexors, coracobrachialis, biceps, brachialis
musculocutaneous nerve
muscle innervation: hip adductors and some hip ER, Obturator externus
obturator nerve
middle, thinner layer
arachnoid
Deltoids and subscapularis are
oblique, multipennate muscle
passive + active tension=
total tension
functional divisions when myofibrils are partitioned longitudinally
sarcomeres
slight tension that is present in muscle at all times; state of readiness
tone
what nerve is shown?
axillary nerve
small, bony defect is present but the spinal cord and nerves are usually normal
spina bifida occulta
degenerative motor disease involving both upper and lower motor neurons; also called Lou genrig’s disease
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
label the midsagittal section of the brain
- frontal lobe; 2. corpus callosum; 3. parietal lobe; 4. occipital lobe; 5. midbrain; 6. cerebellum; 7. spinal cord; 8. medulla; 9. pons; 10. temporal lobe; 11. pituitary gland; 12. hypothalamus; 13. thalamus
muscle fibers that look like one side of a feather; series of short fibers attaching diagonally along length of central tendon
unipennate oblique muscle fibers
spinal segment of sciatic nerve
L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
what nerve is shown?
sciatic nerve
hip abductors are innervated???
L4 and L5
L4-5; innervates most muscles of leg and foot
sacral plexus
sarcomere comprimes a network of contractile proteins: thin (x) filaments and thicker (y) filaments
x- actin y- filaments
What happens to the muscle during adaptive lengthening?
muscle cannot generate as much force during contraction
what nerves supply middle scalene?
C3-4
clinical motor: loss of ankle plantar flexion, weakened ankle inversion, loss of toe flexion
tibial nerve
what are the 5 peripheral nerves?
musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, ulnar nerve
hand of benediction; inability to flex the thumb, index, and middle finger due to medial nerve injury
pope’s blessing
motor cranial nerve for muscle of eye
Cranial III; oculomotor
Cranial IV; trochlear
located on the sides of the vertebral column through which spinal nerve roots pass; opening formed by superior vertebral notch of the vertebra below and inferior vertebral notch of vertebra above
intervertebral foramen
penneum and pelvic floor innervated by?
S3-S5
What happens to the muscle during adaptive shortening?
resting length and amount of extensibility decrease
muscle innervation: wrist and finger flexors on ulnar side; most hand intrinsics (flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum profundus (medial half)); interossei, 3rd and 4th lumbricals, muscles of 5th finger
ulnar nerve
muscle’s ability to contract and generate force when it receives adequate stimulation; may result in muscle shortening, lengthening, or staying the same
contractility
what nerves supply anterior scalene??
C4
disease that involves a defect at the neuromuscular junction where the terminal axon synapse with receptor sites of muscles; results in weakness and fatigue of skeletal muscles
myasthesniagravis
mixed cranial nerve with sensory of taste, pharynx, middle ear and motor of muscles of pharynx
Nerve IX; glossopharyngeal
muscles with greater horizontal pull will be more effective in (x and y)
protracting and retracting
formed by the anterior rami of C5-T1; innervates muscle of upple limb
Brachial plexus
what nerve is shown?
median nerve
when a muscle is on a slight stretch but not overstretched
optimal length
muscle or muscle groups causing motion; prime mover
agonist
muscle innervation: ankle dorsiflexors, ankle evertors, toe extensors
common fibular (peroneal) nerve
point at which a muscle cannot shorten any further; occurs to agonist; myosin filaments are contracting the z-lines and sarcomere cannot get any shorter while the muscle has run out of ability to shorter; joint has not run out of ROM
active insufficiency
components of brain
cerebrum, brainstem. cerebellum
inner, delicate layer which carries blood vessels to the brain
pia mater
resultant force of a vertical force and horizontal force (elevating and depressing)
diagonal line of pull
the interaction between the action and myosin and explains how force is produced during a muscle contraction and how the sarcomere is shortened; myocin heads will reach out and bind to actin filaments so all sarcomeres shorten
sliding filament theory
sensory distribution: posterior arm, posterior forearm, and radial side of posterior hand
radial nerve
four sided muscle fibers and usually flat with broad attachments
rhomboidal parallel muscle fibers
what can happen to a muscle when an injury occurs at one spinal level?
muscle weakens but some function will remain
ability to respond to a stimulus; natural or artificial stimulus; muscle will contract when stimulated
irritability
anterior divison of the inferior trunk
medial cord
left and right common carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries
brain blood supply
occupies posterior portion of the skull; responsible for vision and recognition of size, shape, and color
occipital lobe
comes from contractile units and force generated can be compared with releasing one end of rubber band
active tension
How can we classify muscle names?
shape, location, action, #of head/divisions, attachment points, fiber orientations, and size
how many roots make up the lumbosacral plexus?
8
sensory distribution: anterior and medial thigh, medial leg and foot
femoral nerve
largest and main portion of brain; responsible for highest mental functions
cerebrum
bowel and bladder are innervated??
S4 and S5
how many thoracic nerves are there?
12 thoracic nerves
where roots are joined together are called?
trunks
highly complex mechanisms in our bodies that controls, stimulates, and other coordinates all other body systems
nervous system
in event of trauma or disease, perhaps not at all levels of innervation will be involved. Therefore a muscle may be…..
weakened but not completely paralyzed
a muscle that works with one or more muscles to enhance a motion
synergist
length of a muscle when its not shortened or lengthened; no forces or stress places upon it
normal resting length
component of a neuron
cell body, axon, dendrites
joins the right and left cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
muscle fibers with shape similar to that of a spindle with wider middle and tapers at both ends where it attaches to tendon
fusiform parallel muscle fibers
What can happens in the variables of muscle roles change?
muscle roles may change
line of pull between origin and insertion of a muscle will dictate (x)
its action
properties of functional characteristics of muscle tissue
irritability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity
what nerve is shown?
femoral nerve
group of myelinated nerve fibers within the CNS that carries a specific type of information from one area to another
tract
a nerve that divides into the medial and lateral plantar nerves
tibial nerve
What are the two major nerve fibers in the PNS
motor (efferent) and sensory (afferent)
3; named accordingly to their relationship to axillary artery; formed by the joining of trunk divisions
cords
muscle innervation: shoulder abductors, ER, deltoid, teres minor
axillary nerve
contigous dermatomes often (x)
overlap
in order to stretch a one joint muscle, you must put any two joint muscles on (x)
slack
a group of nonprogressive disorders of the brain that result from damage in utero at birth or soon after birth; not always congenital; signs and symptoms vary depend on the area of brain that is damaged
cerebral palsy
inflammation of tendon
tendonitis
Sensory cranial nerve for smell
Cranial Nerve 1; olfactory
located in the posterior portion of cranium behind pons & medulla and covered superiorly by posterior portion of cerebrum
cerebellum
Why do multi joint muscles have greater contractile force and wider ROM?
they can maintain optimal length by shortening over one joint while lengthening over another
fasiculus, peduncle, brachium, column, and lemniscus are
group of fibers (tract) names in the CNS
what nerve is shown?
ulnar nerve
motor cranial nerve VI for muscle of eye
Abducers
flaccidity, marked muscle atrophy, hyporeflexia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and peripheral nerve injuries
lower motor neuron lesion
fibrous connective tissue which connects bone to bone
ligament
has a dendrite which arises from sensory receptors located in skin, muscles, and joints and run all the way to its cell body in posterior root ganglion located in intervertebral foramen; axon travels through posterior root of spinal nerve and into spinal cord through posterior horn; axon may end at this point or may enter white matter and ascend to a different level of spinal cord or brainstem
sensory (afferent) neuron
fibers tend to be longer and have a greater potential for shortening
parallel muscle fibers
how to determine assisting v prime mover?
size, angle of pull, leverage, and contractile potential
sensory distribution: posterior lateral leg, lateral foot
tibial nerve
shortening position for a prolonged period of time without moving through full excursion; “tight muscle”
adaptive shortening
motor endplate is also known as
axon terminal
mixed cranial nerve with sensory of tongue area and motor of muscle of facial expressions
Nerve VII; facial
motor neurons whose cell bodies are located in the cerebral cortex, brainstem, and cerebellum
upper motor neurons
Sartorius, Rectus abdominus, and sternocleidomastoid muscles are
parallel, strap muscle
in thoracic region, spinal nerves form the (x)
intercostal nerves
Clinical motor features of paralysis: loss of elbow, wrist, finger, and thumb extension; wrist drop
radial nerve
body (anterior weight-bearing portion); neural arch (posterior)
components of vertebra
what spinal nerves keep a man alive?
C3, C4, C5
prevents unwanted motion by contracting when a muscle can do two or more actions; allows a muscle to perform more than one role
neutralizer
what nerves supply trapezius?
C3 and C4
bundle of elastic tissue that has the ability to contract, producing movement, or maintaining the position of a body part
muscle
network arrangement provide muscles with innervation from more than one level; 5; branches of the cords
peripheral nerves
distal segment (moves); proximal segment (fixed)
open kinetic chain
What are muscle groups called?
muscle fibers
congenital defects in which the posterior segments of some of the verterbral fail to close during embryo development
spina bifida
parallel muscle fibers:
strap, fusiform, triangular, rhomboidal
a contraction that produces a change in muscle length and joint angle
isotonic
bench press, row machine, stationary bike, stair stepper, weight bearing are examples of
closed kinetic chain
force built up within a muscle
Tension
Sensory distribution: anterior lateral surface of forearm
musculocutaneous nerve
how many cranial nerves are there?
12 cranial nerves
located in the posterior medial portions of spinal cord and are white matter; transmit the sensations of proprioception, pressure, and vibrations
posterior (dorsal) columns
fiber branches that receive impules from other parts of the nervous system and bring those towards the cell body
dendrites
muscle innervation: knee flexion and some hip extension; hamstring muscles, adductor magnus
sciatic nerve
innervates the deep muscles of the back and skin covering these muscles; smaller than anterior ramus
posterior (dorsal) ramus
middle of spinal cord; H shaped; contans neuronal cell bodies and synapse
gray matter
muscle fibers that have many tendons with oblique fibers in between
multipennate oblique muscle fibers
What muscle is highlighted?
brachioradialis; parallel, fusiform muscle
collection of nerve roots running down from spinal cord (L2-S5)
cauda equina
spinal cord segement of ulnar nerve
C8. T1
sensory distribution: middle part of medial thigh
obturator nerve
What muscle is highlighted?
doral interossei; oblique, bipennate muscle
what nerve is shown?
radial nerve
clinical motor features; loss of thumb opposition, flexion and abduction; “ape hand”; weakened wrist flexors (radial side) and weakened wrist radial deviation; weakened 2nd and 3rd finger flexion; pope’s blessing or hand of benediction
median nerve
functional use of passive insufficiency of finger flexors and extensors; allow quadriplegics to functionally grasp objects
tenodesis
motor cranial nerve dealing with muscle of tongue
Nerve XII; hypoglossal
clinical motor: loss of hip adduction, weakened hip lateral rotation
obturator nerve
C1-C4; innervates muscles of neck
Cervical Plexus
Biceps brachii, Brachialis, and Brachioradialis are
parallel, fusiform muscle
“tip position” traction injury to a baby’s upper brachial plexus; most common during childbirth; affected arm hangs in shoulder extension and IR with the elbow extended, forearm pronated, and wrist flexed
erb’s palsy
Components of central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
large cell body with multibranched dendrites with a long axon; cell body and dendrites are located within the anterior horn of the spinal cord
motor (efferent) neuron
name the three major plexus?
cervical, brachial, and lumbosacral plexus
antagonist contracts at same time as agonist; occurs when need for accuracy; common when learning new tasks
cocontraction
passes through the foramen magnum of the cranium and into the vertebral foramen and ends at the conus medullarius at approximately the 2nd lumbar vertebra
location of spinal cord
spasticity, minimum muscle atrophy, hyperreflexia, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injuries
upper motor neuron lesion
requires special machine to reproduce contraction; speed remains constant but resistance varies
isokinetic
myosin heads located on myosin filaments are called?
projections
what are the three trunks called and what nerves are located?
superior trunk (C5-6); middle trunk (C7); inferior trunk (C8, T1)
clinical motor features: loss of ulnar deviation, weakened wrist and finger flexion, loss of thumb adduction, loss of most intrinsics “claw hand”
ulnar nerve
caused by irritation on the sciatic nerve roots; pain radiates down the back of the leg; often caused by a herniated lumbar disc
sciatica
C1-C7 nerves exit the vertebral column (x) the corresponding vertebra
above
each individual muscle fibers composed of smaller bundles
myofibrils
occurs when the radial nerve becomes compressed as it spirals around the mid-humerus. “when arms falls asleep”
saturday night palsy
What muscle is highlighted?
Sternocleidomastoid; parallel, strap muscle
What is the usual role with insertion and origin?
insertion moves towards origin
associated with greater loss of upper limb function compared to lower limb function
central cord syndrome
spinal cord segment of median nerve
C6. C7. C8. T1
To increase the muscle’s force- generating capacity by:
- optimal length there is max interface between actin and myosin filaments 2. some passive tension present in the muscle
sensory cranial nerve for hearing equilibrum
Nerve VIII; vestibulocochlear (auditory)
what nerve is shown?
tibial nerve
clinical motor features of paralysis: loss of shoulder abduction and weakened shoulder lateral rotation
axillary nerve
how many lumbar nerves are there?
5 lumbar nerves (eat dinner at 5)
consists of a series of rigid links connected in such a ways as to allow motion
kinetic chain
mixed cranial nerve with sensory for face area and motor for chewing muscles
V; trigeminal
stretch a muscle and it will lengthen is called?
extensibility
clinical motor: loss of ankle dorsiflexion “foot drop”, loss of toe extension, loss of ankle eversion
common fibular (peroneal) nerve
have origins on inferior surface of the brain; sensory, mixed, and motor neurons; 12 pairs of nerves
cranial nerves
remove a stretch and it will return to normal is called?
elasticity
subdivisions of autonomic nervous system
parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
how many coccygeal nerves are there?
1 coccygeal nerve
peripheral white matter and central gray matter
cross section of spinal cord
sensory distribution: anterior lateral aspect of leg and foot
common fibular (peroneal) nerve
What doesn’t the myelin sheath cover?
cell bodies and certain nerve fibers
Spinal cord segment of axillary nerve
C5, C6
anterior rami becomes this in thoracic region; innervating the anterior trunk and intercostal muscles (motor) and skin of anterior and lateral trunk (sensory)
intercostal nerves
loss of intrinsic muscle of the hand due to ulnar nerve damage; the proximal phalanges are hyperextended and the middle and distal phalanges are in extreme flexion
claw hand
What muscle is highlighted
Rectus abdominis; parallel, strap muscle
lies between the frontal and occipital lobes; controls gross sensation such as touch and pressure; controls fine sensation such as texture, weight, size, and shape; brain activity associated with reading skills
parietal lobe
a joint(s) that do not have sufficient excursion to allow it to move through combined range of all joint(s) it crosses
2 or more joint muscles
what are the lobe names?
blue- frontal; green-temporal; yellow- parietal; red- occipital
variables of muscle roles
motion being performed; direction of motion; amount of resistance the muscle must overcome
most severe form of spina bifida; the meninges and spinal nerves come through bony defect; cause nerve damage and severe disability
mylemeningocele
sensory distribution: medial 4th finger and all of 5th finger
ulnar nerve
surrounds brain and made up of several bones with joints fused together for greater strength
skull
spinal cord segment of radial nerve
C5. C6. C7. C8. T1
What separates sarcomeres?
Z-lines
what innervates the muscles of back (motor) and overlying skin (sensory)
posterior rami of thoracic nerves
sensory distribution: lateral arm over lower portion of deltoid
axillary nerve
involves the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) which controls movement of facial muslces; condition usually temporary and typically affects only one side of face
Bell’s Palsy
occupies anterior portion of skull; responsible for personality, motor movement, expressive speech
frontal lobe
muscle innervation: elbow, wrist, finger, and thumb extensors and abductors; triceps, anconeus, brachioradialis, supinator
radial nerve
clinical motor: weakened hip extension and loss of knee flexion
sciatic nerve
sternocleidomastoid innervates at?
C2
lies under frontal and parietal lobes just above the ear; center for behavior, hearing, language reception, and understanding
temporal lobe
occurs when a muscle contracts producing fore without changing the length of muscle
isometric
lower portion of H; transmits motor impulses
anterior horn of gray matter
shape: rectus abdominus
vertical muscle in abdomen
What are bundles of muscle groups called?
fascicles
overstretching of muscle fibers and can happen with different degrees of severity
strain
Rectors femoris and dorsal interossel are
oblique, bipennate muscle
oblique muscle fibers:
unipennate, bipennate, multipennate
where muscle meets tendon
musculotendinous
iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerve fibers make up
upper branch of L1
made up of tibial and common fibular (peroneal) nerves
sciatic nerve
What muscle is highlighted?
deltoids; oblique, multipennate muscle
more stable bone
origin
What muscle is highlighted?
pectoralis major; parallel, triangular muscle
What are the muscle fiber arrangements and name?
- parallel; fusiform
- parallel; strap
- parallel; triangular
- oblique; unipennate
- oblique; bipennate
- oblique; multipennate
- circular
genitofemoral nerve makes up
lower branch of L1 and upper branch of L2
with the exception of T1, all thoracic nerves maintain their???
segmental relationship and do not join with the other nerves
sensory cranial nerve for vision
Cranial nerve II; optic
most caudal/inferior portion of brainstem; continous with spinal cord; center for autonomic control for respiration and heart rate
medulla oblongata
L1-L4; innervates most of muscles of thigh
lumbar plexus
what are the functions of cerebellum?
muscle coordination, tone, and posture
located just outside the sponal cord in area of the intervertebral foramen
anterior root
location: tibialis anterior
anterior surface to tibia
characterized by breaking down of the myelin sheath around axons; interfere with normal nerve transmission; lesions or scars of brain and spinal cord
multiple sclerosis
wrist, mcp, pip, dip are
joints finger flexors and extensors cross
motor cranial nerve dealing with sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscle
Nerve XI; spinal acessory
formed by anterior rami of L1-S3
lumbosacral plexus
muscle that performs the opposite motion of agonist
antagonist
origin and insertion move apart; movement occurs in direction of force; occurs during a deceleration activity with gravity
eccentric
formed by anterior division of the superior and middle trunk
lateral cord
What muscle is highlighted?
tibialis posterior; oblique, unipennate muscle
outer coating that is many layers deep; each cerebral hemishpere has one
cortex
muscle or muscle group that supports or makes firm; allowing agonist to work more efficiently
stabilizer
main function of cerebrospinal function?
shock absorption
hereditary and progressive disease of muscle tissue; characterized by weakness of proximal muscles followd by progressive involvement of distal muscles
muscular dystrophy
stimulate a muscle and it will respond (x), by generating force (y) then remove stimulus and it will return to normal (z)
x- irritability y-contractility z- elasticity
in the thoracic level, muscle must receive innervation….??
at each spinal level
label the bones of the skull
- parietal bone
- zygomatic bone
- frontal bone
- sphenoid bone
- maxillary bone
- parietal bone
- occipital bone
- temporal bone
originates from posterior divisons of all three trunks
posterior cord
more movable bone
insertion
innervates all muscle and skin areas are not innervated by posterior ramus
anterior (ventral) ramus
components of central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
cerebral anterior circle; failure of one of the major arteries within the circle doesn’t seriously decrease blood flow to region supplied by that artery
circle of willis
three types of muscle contractions
isometric, isotonic, isokinetic
fibrous connective tissue that connect muscle to bone
tendon
Pectoralis major and trapezius are
parallel, triangular muscle
sensory distribution: none
sciatic nerve
What muscle is highlighted?
biceps brachii; parallel, fusiform muscle
assisting to provide motion
assisting mover
spinal segment of tibial nerve
L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
located between midbrain and medulla
pons
how many sacral nerves are there?
5 sacral nerves
What type of joint is when the excursion of the muscle is less than the combined range allowed by joints?
multijoint muscles
breaks in the myelin sheath every half millimeter
nodes of ranvier
produces cerebrospinal fluid; capillary network located in each of four ventricles within the brain
choroid plexus
what are the 3 basic levels of protection for brain and spinal cord?
bony, membranous, and fluid
muscle’s ability to stretch or lengthen when the force is applied
extensibility
center for visual reflexes; located in the upper portion of brainstem and below cerebrum
midbrain
the distance a muscle goes from max length to max shortening
excursion
myelinated fibers; includes the major tracts within the spinal chord and fiber systems such as internal capsule within the brain
white matter
irreversible progressive brain disorder causing dementia and loss of cognitive function; destroys a person’s ability to function
alzheimer’s disease
muscle’s ability to recoil or return to normal resting length when stretching or shortening force is removed
elasticity
surrounds gray matter; contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) fiber pathways
white matter of spinal cord
what happens if an injury only involves to one spinal nerve?
sensation will be decrease or altered but it will not be absent
what nerves supply levator scapula??
C3-5
hip adductors are innervated?
L2 and L3
what chain is being on the treadmill?
both okc and ckc
innervation of the shoulder abductors and elbow flexors reemain intract allowing increased function of upper extremities occur?
C5
what would happen if an SCI occured at C3 or above?
diaphragm would not be able to function and unable to breath without resistance
spinal nerve almost immediately spilt into (x) and (y)
posterior (dorsal) and anterior (ventral) rami
except for thoracic nerves, the anterior rami of the spinal nerves will join together and/or branch out forming a network
plexus
action: extensor carpi ulnaris
extends the wrist (carpi) and attaches on ulnar side
muscle fibers obliquely attached to both sides of central tendon
bipennate oblique muscle fibers
how many muscles take innervation from more than one spinal level?
almost all
muscle innervation: ankle plantar flexors (gastronemius and soleus), foot intrinsics (tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longust), foot intrinsics (medial and lateral plantar)
tibial nerve
how many cervical nerves are there?
8 cranial nerves (eat breakfast at 8am)
compression of the medial nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel; results in paresthesias and pain in hand
carpal tunnel syndrome
the roles of muscles?
agonist, antagonist, stabilizer, neutralizer
motor neurons whose cell bodies are located in anterior horn
lower motor neuron
occurs when the injury affects the anterior spinal tracts
anterior cord syndrome
abdominal muscles receive innervation from?
lower thoracic muscles
two types of isotonic muscle contractions
concentric and eccentric
occurs when an injury to the long thoracic nerve weakens or paralyzes the serratus anterior muscle, causing the medial border of scapula to rise away from rib cage
scapular winging
C8 exits (x) the C7 vertebra and (y) the T1 vertebra
x- under
y-over
What muscle is highlighted?
Semimembranosus; oblique, unipennate muscle
conductor of impulses from a neuron
nerve fiber
located within the brain and filled with cerebrospinal fluid; 4 small cavities containing a capillary network that produces cerebrospinal fluid
ventricles
sensory distribution: palmar aspect of thumb; 2nd, 3rd, 4th (radial half) fingers
median nerves
What happens when muscles are stretched too far?
myosin heads that cannot reach a binding site on the actin filaments and cannot contribute to production of force
muscle can be stretched (x) normal resting length
1.5times
What muscle is highlighted?
Sartorius; parallel, strap muscle
passageway for the spinal cord is surrounded and protected by the bony structures of each individual vertebrae; opening between the body and neural arch of vertebra
vertebral foramen
what nerve is shown?
obturator nerve
hyperirritable points within a tight band of muscle that refer pain to other areas of body when they’re active or when palpated; found in overworked muscle
trigger points
muscle is capable of being shortened to approx (x) of normal resting length
half
flat and fan-shaped with fibers radiating from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at other end
triangular parallel muscle fibers
Components of peripheral nervous system
nerves outside the spinal cord
What muscle is highlighted?
brachialis; parallel, fusiform muscle
can occur following a stretch or compression injury to the brachial plexus from a blow to head or shoulders; Symptoms: immediate burning pain, prickly paresthesia, numbness, and brief paralysis of arm
burner/stinger syndrome
spinal cord segment of obturator nerve
L2, L3, L4
what are the 5 roots of the brachial plexus?
C5. C6. C7. C8. T1
small gap between neuron involving very complex physiological actions
synapse
long and thin fibers running the entire length of a muscle
strap parallel muscle fibers
occurs when the ulnar nerve crosses the medial border of the elbow as the nerve runs through a bony passageway called cubital tunnel; hitting your funny bone compresses the ulnar nerve
cubital tunnel syndrome
spinal cord segment of femoral nerve
L2. L3. L4
poor posture often results in a muscle being in a chronically overstretched (lengthened) state where it adopts an abnormally long resting length ; chronic overstretch where there is a decrease in the overlap of actin and myosin
adaptive lengthening
how long is the spinal cord?
approx 17”
when origin moves towards the insertion, what is the action?
reverse muscle action
extreme point of permanent shortening
contracture
what is the spinal cord protected by?
meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
“hard mother”; thickest, most fibrous tough outer layer
dura mater
origin and insertion move closer together; movement occurs against the direction of force; acceleration activity; shortening motion against gravity
concentric
distal segment (fixed); proximal segment (moves)
closed kinetic chain
threadlike, nonneural filament that runs from the conus medullaris and attaches to the coccyx
filum terminale
significant to muscle control and is located lateral to posterior horn; synapse in the anterior horn just prior to leaving the spinal cord; runs from the motor area of the cerebral cortex to spinal cord and crossing over at the level of lower part of brainstem
corticospinal tract
