Exam 2 (ch 5,6) Flashcards
deep inside brain; important for horone function and behavior
hypothalamus
once outside the spinal cord, the anterior (motor) and posterior (sensory) roots joint together to form the spinal nerve which passes through the (x)
intervertebral foramen
symptoms: severe headache, sudden hypertension, facial flush, sweating, gooseflesh
autonomic dysreflexia
size of muscles: pectoralis major and minor
large v small
muscle innervation: pronators, wrist and finger flexors on radial side; most thumb muscles; 1st and 2nd lumbricals
median nerve
controls mostly visceral structures
autonomic nervous system
Where does the transition from medulla to spinal cord occur?
foramen magnum
what is this called when there is loss of median nerve?
Pope’s blessing
T1 exits (x) T1 and so on down the vertebral column
under
What muscle is highlighted?
subscapularis; oblique, multipennate muscle
bony defect through which the meninges protrude; little or no nerve damage
meningocele
caused by injury to the common peroneal nerve; commonly caused by pressure to the head of fibula due to a tight cast or bed positioning during periods of prolonged immobility
foot drop
begins at anterior horn of spinal cord; sends motor impulses out of the muscles and receiving sensory impulses from the skin; all nervous tissue outside of the vertebral canal and brainstem
peripheral nervous system
hyperreflexia; serious and potentially life-threatning complication associated with spinal cord injuries at or above T10; usually triggered by noxious stimulus below level of injury
autonomic dysreflexia
unmyelinated fibers; includes the cerebral cortex and central portion of spinal cord
gray matter
fundamental unit of nervous tissue
neuron
point where tendon meets bone
tenoperiosteal junction
clinical motor features of paralysis: loss of elbow flexion, weakened supination
musculocutaneous nerve
each hemisphere is divided into four lobes
lobes
transmit impulses away from the body
axon
purpose of ascending (sensoru) and descending (motor) pathways
carries a particular type of impulse such as touch from and to a specific area
divides into superficial and deep fibular (peroneal) nerves
common fibular nerve
of heads/divisions: sternocleidomastoid
attaches on sternum, mastoid, and clavicle
What muscle is highlighted?
Rectus femoris; oblique, bipennate muscle
“little brain”
cerebellum
Where is the subarachnoid space located where cerebrospinal fluid circulates?
between the layers of arachnoid and pia mater
what nerve is shown?
musculocutaneous nerve
What muscle is highlighted?
flexor pollicis longus; oblique, unipennate muscle
wrist extensors receive innervation from??
C6-C8
what nerve is shown?
common peroneal nerve
fatty sheath surrounding the axon
myelin
muscles with a more equal horizontal and vertical line or pull will (x)
have a role in both motions
pros of stretching
done to increase the resting length of muscle
hip flexors and knee extensors are innervated?
L2 and L4
results from injury to one side of the spinal cord causing weakness and loss of proprioception on the side of injury, loss of pain, and thermal sensation on opposite side
brown-sequard syndrome
high radial nerve injury which causes a loss of write and finger extension; often caused by a midhumeral fracture
wrist drop
fibers tend to be shorter but are more numerous per given area, so have greater strength potential but smaller ROM
oblique muscle fibers
a peripheral nerve usually accompanied by neurological deficits along nerve pathways; classified according to cause or anatomical location
neuropathy
how many spinal nerves are there?
31 spinal nerves
how many thoracic nerves are there?
12 nerves (eat lunch at 12)
bony protection of CNS?
skull and vertebrae
mixed cranial nerves that deal with heart, lungs, and GI tract
nerve X; vagus
hip extensors and knee flexors are innervated???
L5-S2
provide muscle with innervation at more than one level
function of plexus
agonist usually becomes actively insufficient (cannot contract any further) before the antagonist becomes passively insufficient (cannot be stretched further)
stretching
Tibialis posterior, Semimembranous, flexor pollicis longus muscles are
oblique, unipennate muscle
area of skin supplied with the sensory fibers of a spinal nerve
dermatome
found in CNS; function is to transmit or integrate signals from one or more sensory neurons and relay impulses to motor neurons
interneuron
takes many forms depending on spinal level and area of damage; result in loss of sensation and muscle function
spinal cord injury
what is this calls when it occurs because of loss of ulnar nerve
claw hand
spinal cord segment of musculocutaneous nerve?
C5. C6. C7
important in coordination of motor movement
basal ganglia
free weights, resistance training machines found in gym that allows hand and feet to move through space, manual muscle testing, non-weight bearing are examples of
open kinetic chain
intrinsics of hand are innervated?
C8 and T1
spinal nerve, nerve root, plexus, peripheral nerve are
groups of fibers (tract) within the PNS
3 layers of membranes within the skull; covers the brain & provide support and protection
meninges
common line of pull for most muscles?
diagonal line of pull
a joint(s) that allow muscles to have sufficient excursion to allow joint to move through entire range
one joint muscles
occurs when a multi joint muscle cannot be lengthened any further without damage to its fibers; occurs to antagonist
passive insufficiency
deals with conserving energy
Parasympathetic Nervous system
what muscle contractions occurs when resistance remains constant and speed varies
isotonic
located below the cerebrum
brainstem
What happens when muscles are shortened too far?
some actin filaments are overlapping thus reducing the available binding sites from myosin heads
spinal segment of common fibular nerve
L4, L5, S1, S2
nerve that is formed by branches of C3-5 and innervated diaphragm
phrenic nerve
direction of fibers: external and internal oblique muscles
direction of fibers and their depth to one another
muscle innervation: hip flexors and knee extensors; iliopsoas (iliacus and psoas major), sartorrus, pectineus, quadriceps, femoris
femoral nerve
What muscle is highlighted?
trapezius; parallel, triangular muscle
midbrain, pons, medulla
parts of brainstem
anterior and superior areas of cranium above the brain stem and cerebellum
cerebrum location
when will complete anesthesia occur to spinal nerves?
only will occur unless more than two spinal nerves have lost function
Common sites for tendonitis
musculotendinous junction, tenoperiosteal junction, or within body of tendon
which plexus is shown?
lumbosacral plexus
“water on brain”; congenital or acquired defect involving cerebrospinal fluid production, absorption, and flow through the ventricles and subarachnoid space; can result in abnormal widening of the ventricles, which creates potentially harmful pressure on brain tissues
hydrocephalus
What happens when a muscle is shortened or lengthened beyond optimal length?
the contractile force of a muscle is reduced
triceps (elbow extensors) receive innervation?
C7-8
deep within the cerebral hemispheres beneath cortex; mass of nerve cells serves as a relay station for body sensations; where pain is perceived
thalamus
What type of joint where the excursion of the muscle will be greater than ROM allowed by joint
one joint muscle
Deals with stress and stimulation
Sympathetic Nervous system
medial nerve injury resulting in loss of thumb opposition
ape hand
involves the non-contractile units of a muscle when stretching much like a rubber band
passive tension
functions of myelin
increase speed of impulse conduction in the myelinated fibers
group of disorders that occur when the nerves of brachial plexus and/or the subclavian artery and vein become compressed in throacic outlet
throacic outlet syndrome
clinical motor: weakened hip flexion, loss of knee extension
femoral nerve
top portion of H; receives and transmits sensory impulses
posterior horn of gray matter
muscle innervation:elbow flexors, coracobrachialis, biceps, brachialis
musculocutaneous nerve
muscle innervation: hip adductors and some hip ER, Obturator externus
obturator nerve
middle, thinner layer
arachnoid
Deltoids and subscapularis are
oblique, multipennate muscle
passive + active tension=
total tension
functional divisions when myofibrils are partitioned longitudinally
sarcomeres
slight tension that is present in muscle at all times; state of readiness
tone
what nerve is shown?
axillary nerve
small, bony defect is present but the spinal cord and nerves are usually normal
spina bifida occulta
degenerative motor disease involving both upper and lower motor neurons; also called Lou genrig’s disease
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
label the midsagittal section of the brain
- frontal lobe; 2. corpus callosum; 3. parietal lobe; 4. occipital lobe; 5. midbrain; 6. cerebellum; 7. spinal cord; 8. medulla; 9. pons; 10. temporal lobe; 11. pituitary gland; 12. hypothalamus; 13. thalamus
muscle fibers that look like one side of a feather; series of short fibers attaching diagonally along length of central tendon
unipennate oblique muscle fibers
spinal segment of sciatic nerve
L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
what nerve is shown?
sciatic nerve
hip abductors are innervated???
L4 and L5
L4-5; innervates most muscles of leg and foot
sacral plexus
sarcomere comprimes a network of contractile proteins: thin (x) filaments and thicker (y) filaments
x- actin y- filaments
What happens to the muscle during adaptive lengthening?
muscle cannot generate as much force during contraction
what nerves supply middle scalene?
C3-4
clinical motor: loss of ankle plantar flexion, weakened ankle inversion, loss of toe flexion
tibial nerve
what are the 5 peripheral nerves?
musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, ulnar nerve
hand of benediction; inability to flex the thumb, index, and middle finger due to medial nerve injury
pope’s blessing
motor cranial nerve for muscle of eye
Cranial III; oculomotor
Cranial IV; trochlear
located on the sides of the vertebral column through which spinal nerve roots pass; opening formed by superior vertebral notch of the vertebra below and inferior vertebral notch of vertebra above
intervertebral foramen
penneum and pelvic floor innervated by?
S3-S5
What happens to the muscle during adaptive shortening?
resting length and amount of extensibility decrease
muscle innervation: wrist and finger flexors on ulnar side; most hand intrinsics (flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor digitorum profundus (medial half)); interossei, 3rd and 4th lumbricals, muscles of 5th finger
ulnar nerve
muscle’s ability to contract and generate force when it receives adequate stimulation; may result in muscle shortening, lengthening, or staying the same
contractility
what nerves supply anterior scalene??
C4
disease that involves a defect at the neuromuscular junction where the terminal axon synapse with receptor sites of muscles; results in weakness and fatigue of skeletal muscles
myasthesniagravis
mixed cranial nerve with sensory of taste, pharynx, middle ear and motor of muscles of pharynx
Nerve IX; glossopharyngeal
muscles with greater horizontal pull will be more effective in (x and y)
protracting and retracting
formed by the anterior rami of C5-T1; innervates muscle of upple limb
Brachial plexus
what nerve is shown?
median nerve
when a muscle is on a slight stretch but not overstretched
optimal length
muscle or muscle groups causing motion; prime mover
agonist
muscle innervation: ankle dorsiflexors, ankle evertors, toe extensors
common fibular (peroneal) nerve
point at which a muscle cannot shorten any further; occurs to agonist; myosin filaments are contracting the z-lines and sarcomere cannot get any shorter while the muscle has run out of ability to shorter; joint has not run out of ROM
active insufficiency
components of brain
cerebrum, brainstem. cerebellum
inner, delicate layer which carries blood vessels to the brain
pia mater
resultant force of a vertical force and horizontal force (elevating and depressing)
diagonal line of pull
the interaction between the action and myosin and explains how force is produced during a muscle contraction and how the sarcomere is shortened; myocin heads will reach out and bind to actin filaments so all sarcomeres shorten
sliding filament theory
sensory distribution: posterior arm, posterior forearm, and radial side of posterior hand
radial nerve
four sided muscle fibers and usually flat with broad attachments
rhomboidal parallel muscle fibers
what can happen to a muscle when an injury occurs at one spinal level?
muscle weakens but some function will remain
ability to respond to a stimulus; natural or artificial stimulus; muscle will contract when stimulated
irritability
anterior divison of the inferior trunk
medial cord
left and right common carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries
brain blood supply
occupies posterior portion of the skull; responsible for vision and recognition of size, shape, and color
occipital lobe
comes from contractile units and force generated can be compared with releasing one end of rubber band
active tension
How can we classify muscle names?
shape, location, action, #of head/divisions, attachment points, fiber orientations, and size
how many roots make up the lumbosacral plexus?
8
sensory distribution: anterior and medial thigh, medial leg and foot
femoral nerve
largest and main portion of brain; responsible for highest mental functions
cerebrum
bowel and bladder are innervated??
S4 and S5
how many thoracic nerves are there?
12 thoracic nerves
where roots are joined together are called?
trunks
highly complex mechanisms in our bodies that controls, stimulates, and other coordinates all other body systems
nervous system
in event of trauma or disease, perhaps not at all levels of innervation will be involved. Therefore a muscle may be…..
weakened but not completely paralyzed
a muscle that works with one or more muscles to enhance a motion
synergist
length of a muscle when its not shortened or lengthened; no forces or stress places upon it
normal resting length
component of a neuron
cell body, axon, dendrites
joins the right and left cerebral hemispheres
corpus callosum
muscle fibers with shape similar to that of a spindle with wider middle and tapers at both ends where it attaches to tendon
fusiform parallel muscle fibers
What can happens in the variables of muscle roles change?
muscle roles may change
line of pull between origin and insertion of a muscle will dictate (x)
its action
properties of functional characteristics of muscle tissue
irritability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity
what nerve is shown?
femoral nerve
group of myelinated nerve fibers within the CNS that carries a specific type of information from one area to another
tract
a nerve that divides into the medial and lateral plantar nerves
tibial nerve
what nerve is shown?
ulnar nerve
What muscle is highlighted?
brachioradialis; parallel, fusiform muscle
What muscle is highlighted?
doral interossei; oblique, bipennate muscle
what nerve is shown?
radial nerve
What muscle is highlighted?
Sternocleidomastoid; parallel, strap muscle
what nerve is shown?
tibial nerve
What muscle is highlighted
Rectus abdominis; parallel, strap muscle
what are the lobe names?
blue- frontal; green-temporal; yellow- parietal; red- occipital
What muscle is highlighted?
deltoids; oblique, multipennate muscle
What muscle is highlighted?
pectoralis major; parallel, triangular muscle
What are the muscle fiber arrangements and name?
- parallel; fusiform
- parallel; strap
- parallel; triangular
- oblique; unipennate
- oblique; bipennate
- oblique; multipennate
- circular
What muscle is highlighted?
tibialis posterior; oblique, unipennate muscle
label the bones of the skull
- parietal bone
- zygomatic bone
- frontal bone
- sphenoid bone
- maxillary bone
- parietal bone
- occipital bone
- temporal bone
What muscle is highlighted?
biceps brachii; parallel, fusiform muscle
What muscle is highlighted?
Semimembranosus; oblique, unipennate muscle
What muscle is highlighted?
Sartorius; parallel, strap muscle
what nerve is shown?
obturator nerve
What muscle is highlighted?
brachialis; parallel, fusiform muscle
