Exam 2 Cardiac TE Flashcards
What ventricle/chamber in the heart has more mass and why?
Left ventricle has the most mass because it pumps oxygenated blood to the whole body, requiring high pressure and force.
Understand flow in heart
What cells are within the myocardium?
Cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts
What is the function of cardiomyocytes in the heart?
contractility
What is the function of endothelial cells in the heart?
- Angiogenesis
- Spatial Organization
- Paracrine Signaling
What is the purpose of fibroblasts in the heart?
Line blood vessels in the myocardium.
What is the properties and function of ECM on the myocardial wall?
- Translates forces by individual cardiomyocytes
What is a myocardial infarction?
A heart attack: Blockage of coronary artery → loss of oxygen supply → cell death.
What are the stages of a heart attack?
Phase 1: Cardiac Myocyte Death
Phase 2: Acute inflammation
Phase 3: Granulation Tissue Formation
Phase 4: Scar formation
What are the current treatments for MI?
Reperfusion, Pharmacological Agents, Left-ventricular assist
devices (LVAD), Heart Transplant
What is Reperfusion?
- Restoring blood flow (open blocked artery)
E.g. Agents to dissolve clots, catheter-based mechanical re-opening (stents)
What is the con for reperfusion?
Can injure vessel
What are the four options of emerging therapies to treat the heart?
- Cell therapy
- Injectable biomaterials
- NPs, patches
- Cardiac TE
What are the challenges with cell therapy?
- Early successes discredited or
transient - Delivery/arrhythmia concerns
- Limited viability/retention
What are some benefits of injectable biomaterials for the heart?
- Limit changes in ventricular geometry,
wall thickness - Reduce wall stress – limit expansion
- Not regeneration, but may limit onset of
heart failure
What cells are involved with cardiac TE?
Cardiomyocytes
MSCs
Myoblasts
What are the major questions in cardiac T.E.?
- When to implant?
- Do you need to replicate cardiac structure?
- Where to get cells from?
What cardiac emerging therapy did Dr. Rodriguez work with?
injectable biomaterials
How does cardiac tissue related to the TE triad (cells)?
Cardiomyocytes (CMs), iPSCs, MSCs for regeneration.
How is an electrical signal transmitted in the heart?
The electrical signal starts at the sinoatrial (SA) node, travels to the atrioventricular (AV) node, down the bundle of His, through the bundle branches, and finally through the Purkinje fibers to stimulate coordinated contraction of the ventricles.
How does cardiac tissue related to the TE triad (signals)?
Electrical stimulation and cyclic stretch to mimic natural heart function, plus growth factors for tissue growth.
Which one is more lethal, a heart attack or a cardiac arrest/VA fibrillation? What are the differences?
Cardiac arrest/VA fibrillation is more immediately lethal because the heart stops pumping effectively, causing instant loss of blood flow to vital organs.
A heart attack (myocardial infarction) is a blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle, which can lead to tissue death, but the heart may still beat for a time.
What are the current options to treat fibrillation?
High-energy shock
