Exam 2 - CAD Flashcards
CAD leads to
ACS
most common cardiovascular disease and accounts for majority of deaths
CAD
do all pts with CAD show s/sx?
no, can be asymptomatic
serious manifestations of CAD
unstable angina
MI / ACS
aka “hardening of the arteries”
atherosclerosis
atheromas (fatty deposits prefer which arteries?
coronary
atherosclerosis is aka
arteriosclerotic heart disease (ASHD) cardiovascular heart disease (CVHD) ischemic heart disease (IHD) coronary heart disease (CHD) CAD
damage to the endothelium (inner lining of the vessel wall) can be injured as a result of…
tobacco use hyperlipidemia HTN toxins DM hyperhomocysteinemia infection
how do you know when CAD is usually well advanced?
when it becomes symptomatic
stages of development of atherosclerosis
fatty streak
fibrous plaque
complicated lesion
how soon can fatty streaks be seen in arteries?
15 y/o
fibrous plaque can appear in the coronary arteries by age
30 and increases with age
when a thrombus adheres to the wall of the artery leading to further narrowing or total occlusion of the artery
complicated lesion
nonmodifiable risk factors
family hx
age
gender
race
modifiable risk factors
hyperlipidemia tobacco use HTN DM metabolic syndrome obesity
normal BP
< 120/80
pre-HTN
120-139/80-89
stage 1 HTN
140-159/90-99
stage 2 HTN
> 160/100
cholesterol
*lab value
< 200
triglycerides
*lab value
< 150
HDL
*lab value
> 40
LDL
*lab value
< 100
what items are included in the 10 year risk factor for MI?
*7 items
age gender use of tobacco SBP use of BP drugs total cholesterol HDL
smoking cessation interventions
nicotine patch bupropion (Zyban) acupuncture hypnosis imagery
how much activity should be done weekly?
150 minutes/week or 75 minutes vigorous exercise
*do not lose ability to talk during exercise
obesity - BMI, weight circumference criteria
BMI > 30
waist M >40
waist F>35
which body figures have a higher incidence for CAD
apple, pear
Hgb A1C for DM should be less than
7%
which lab is indicative of more aggressive CAD?
CRP
arterial anastomoses or connections are aka
collateral circulation
what 2 factors contribute to grown and extent of collateral circulation?
chronic ischemia
inherited predisposition
T or F. Compared to a younger individual having an MI, older individuals are more likely to survive d/t collateral circulation.
True
how to dx CAD
angina CRP cholesterol triglycerides cardiac cath
how to identify individuals at risk for CAD
health hx, family hx
cardio s/sx
environmental patterns: diet, activity, life stressors
values, beliefs about health, illness
manage/control high-risk CAD individuals
encourage lifestyle changes educate clarify personal goals set realistic goals meds
CAD diet
low saturated fats, cholesterol, red meat, egg yolks, whole milk
high complex carbs, fiber, omega-3 fatty acids
gerontologic considerations for physical activity
longer warm-up longer periods of low-level activity longer rest periods avoid extreme temps 30 minutes most days minimum
*most likely to change when hospitalized or symptomatic
