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Pharmacology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Stage 1: Analgesia

A

Loss of pain, still conscious

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2
Q

Stage 2: Excitement

A

Unconscious, delirious activity

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3
Q

Stage 3: Anesthesia

A

Unconscious, skeletal muscle relaxation

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4
Q

Stage 4: Paralysis

A

Breathing stops, lethal without life support

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5
Q

Benzodiazepines use

A

Anxiety/sedation

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6
Q

Opioids use

A

Pain

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7
Q

H2 receptor antagonists use

A

Reduce stomach acidity so when people are laying flat the esophagus doesn’t corrode

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8
Q

Anti-emetics use

A

Prevent nausea/vomiting

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9
Q

Anticholinergics

A

Create a dry mouth so people don’t aspirate saliva

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10
Q

Three purposes of General anesthesia

A

Analgesia, amnesia, and muscle relaxation

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11
Q

Analgesia

A

Lack of pain

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12
Q

Amnesia

A

Lack of memory

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13
Q

Skeletal muscle relaxation

A

Lack of movement

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14
Q

Medication for inhaled anesthetics

A

End in -flurane

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15
Q

Names of common general anesthetics

A

Propofol, midazolam, etomidate, fentanyl

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16
Q

Mechanism of action of general anesthetics

A

Block sodium channels to prevent neurotransmitter conduction

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17
Q

Adverse effects of anesthetics

A
  • drowsiness, weakness, fatigue, incoordination
  • shivering, muscle pain, nausea/vomiting, sore throat
  • malignant hyperthermia
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18
Q

General anesthesia

A

Complex procedures, entire body

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19
Q

Regional anesthesia

A

Large part of body

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20
Q

Local anesthesia

A

Small part of body

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21
Q

Local anesthetics name

A

Esters or amide

-end in -caine

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22
Q

Adverse effects of amide anesthetics

A

Few allergic reactions
CNS: slurred speech, tremors seizures
Cardiac: low blood pressure/heart rate, arrhythmias, arrest

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23
Q

Different locations local anesthetic is used

A

Topical, infiltration, field block, spinal, epidural

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24
Q

Topical

A

Placing on skin for skin numbing

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25
Q

Infiltration

A

Injection in area of pain or operation

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26
Q

Field block

A

Regional anesthesia, injection surrounding nerve group

27
Q

Spinal

A

Injection into subarachnoid space into spinal fluid

28
Q

Epidural

A

Injection into epidural space of spine

29
Q

Functions of skin

A

Protective coating
Regulate body temperature
Preserve water
Houses sensory receptors

30
Q

Structure of the skin

A

Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, sebaceous gland, melanocytes

31
Q

Typical treatment of dermatitis

A

Topical or oral corticosteroids

32
Q

Ending of corticosteroids

A

End in -sone

33
Q

How do corticosteroids work?

A

Prevent white blood cells from migration to inflammation site

34
Q

Adverse effects of corticosteroids

A

Irritation, skin burning

Atrophy, thinning skin

35
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

Chronic, immune system related disease

  • Rapid growth of skin
  • scaly, red or white itchy patches
  • skin and joint involvement
36
Q

Common treatments for psoriasis

A

Topical mediations, UV light, oral medications

37
Q

Corticosteroids psoriasis vs. dermatitis

A

Psoriasis - cause skin thinning

Dermatitis - anti-inflammatory

38
Q

Side effects of methotrexate

A

Renal/hepatic function, bone marrow suppression, GI toxicity, infertility, not used in pregnancy

39
Q

Can acitretin be used during pregnancy?

A

No it can’t

40
Q

Cause of acne

A

Plugged sebaceous glands (oil glands)

41
Q

Common medications used for acne

A

Benzoyl peroxide, tetracyclines, isotretinoin, salicylic acid

42
Q

Side effects of topicals

A

Itching, burning, stinging, redness, excessive drying

43
Q

Side effects of tetracyclines

A

Photosensitivity, pediatric tooth discoloration, GI discomfort

44
Q

Isotretinoin (accutane)

A

Suicidal ideation, not for pregnancy, bone marrow suppression

45
Q

Common bugs that infect our skin

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus
Candida albicans

46
Q

Common topcials

A 
Bacitracin 
Mupirocin
Neomycin
Miconazole (azole anti fungal class) 
Nystatin
Tebinafine
Tolnaftate
47
Q

Difference between mites and lice

A

Mites burrow under the skin and can’t be seen

Lice can’t burrow in skin

48
Q

Mechanism of permethrin

A

Causes seizures/death in bugs

49
Q

Brand name of permethrin

50
Q

Penicillin name ending

51
Q

Cephalosporins name ending

A

Ceph- or cef- in the name

52
Q

Aminoglycosides common name endings

A

End in -micin or -mycin

53
Q

Flouroquinolones common name endings

A

End in -floxacin

54
Q

Tetracyclines common name ending

A

End in -cycline

55
Q

Mechanism of action of penicillin

A

Interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan

56
Q

Mechanism of action of cephalosporins

A

Inhibits peptidoglycan

57
Q

Mechanism of antifungals

A

Blocks the synthesis of ergosterol

58
Q

Adverse effects of penicillins

A

Hypersensitivity, rash, diarrhea

59
Q

Adverse effects of cephalosporins

A

Diarrhea, sun sensitivity, kidney stones

60
Q

Adverse effects of aminoglycosides

A

Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

61
Q

What does vancomycin cause if infused too quickly?

A

Red man’s syndrome

62
Q

Adverse effects of tetracyclines

A

GI, photosensitivity, discoloration of teeth in children

63
Q

Contraindications of tetracyclines

A

Hypersensitivity, liver disease, children <8 years old

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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