Exam 2 Flashcards by User Unknown

Stage 1: Analgesia

Loss of pain, still conscious

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Stage 2: Excitement

Unconscious, delirious activity

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Stage 3: Anesthesia

Unconscious, skeletal muscle relaxation

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Stage 4: Paralysis

Breathing stops, lethal without life support

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Benzodiazepines use

Anxiety/sedation

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Opioids use

Pain

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H2 receptor antagonists use

Reduce stomach acidity so when people are laying flat the esophagus doesn’t corrode

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Anti-emetics use

Prevent nausea/vomiting

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Anticholinergics

Create a dry mouth so people don’t aspirate saliva

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Three purposes of General anesthesia

Analgesia, amnesia, and muscle relaxation

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Analgesia

Lack of pain

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Amnesia

Lack of memory

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Skeletal muscle relaxation

Lack of movement

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Medication for inhaled anesthetics

End in -flurane

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Names of common general anesthetics

Propofol, midazolam, etomidate, fentanyl

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Mechanism of action of general anesthetics

Block sodium channels to prevent neurotransmitter conduction

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Adverse effects of anesthetics

drowsiness, weakness, fatigue, incoordination
shivering, muscle pain, nausea/vomiting, sore throat
malignant hyperthermia

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General anesthesia

Complex procedures, entire body

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Regional anesthesia

Large part of body

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Local anesthesia

Small part of body

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Local anesthetics name

Esters or amide

-end in -caine

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Adverse effects of amide anesthetics

Few allergic reactions
CNS: slurred speech, tremors seizures
Cardiac: low blood pressure/heart rate, arrhythmias, arrest

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Different locations local anesthetic is used

Topical, infiltration, field block, spinal, epidural

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Topical

Placing on skin for skin numbing

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Infiltration

Injection in area of pain or operation

Field block

Regional anesthesia, injection surrounding nerve group

Spinal

Injection into subarachnoid space into spinal fluid

Epidural

Injection into epidural space of spine

Functions of skin

Protective coating Regulate body temperature Preserve water Houses sensory receptors

Structure of the skin

Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous tissue, sebaceous gland, melanocytes

Typical treatment of dermatitis

Topical or oral corticosteroids

Ending of corticosteroids

End in -sone

How do corticosteroids work?

Prevent white blood cells from migration to inflammation site

Adverse effects of corticosteroids

Irritation, skin burning | Atrophy, thinning skin

What is psoriasis?

Chronic, immune system related disease - Rapid growth of skin - scaly, red or white itchy patches - skin and joint involvement

Common treatments for psoriasis

Topical mediations, UV light, oral medications

Corticosteroids psoriasis vs. dermatitis

Psoriasis - cause skin thinning | Dermatitis - anti-inflammatory

Side effects of methotrexate

Renal/hepatic function, bone marrow suppression, GI toxicity, infertility, not used in pregnancy

Can acitretin be used during pregnancy?

No it can't

Cause of acne

Plugged sebaceous glands (oil glands)

Common medications used for acne

Benzoyl peroxide, tetracyclines, isotretinoin, salicylic acid

Side effects of topicals

Itching, burning, stinging, redness, excessive drying

Side effects of tetracyclines

Photosensitivity, pediatric tooth discoloration, GI discomfort

Isotretinoin (accutane)

Suicidal ideation, not for pregnancy, bone marrow suppression

Common bugs that infect our skin

Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus Candida albicans

Common topcials

``` Bacitracin Mupirocin Neomycin Miconazole (azole anti fungal class) Nystatin Tebinafine Tolnaftate ```

Difference between mites and lice

Mites burrow under the skin and can't be seen | Lice can't burrow in skin

Mechanism of permethrin

Causes seizures/death in bugs

Brand name of permethrin

Nix

Penicillin name ending

-cillin

Cephalosporins name ending

Ceph- or cef- in the name

Aminoglycosides common name endings

End in -micin or -mycin

Flouroquinolones common name endings

End in -floxacin

Tetracyclines common name ending

End in -cycline

Mechanism of action of penicillin

Interferes with the synthesis of peptidoglycan

Mechanism of action of cephalosporins

Inhibits peptidoglycan

Mechanism of antifungals

Blocks the synthesis of ergosterol

Adverse effects of penicillins

Hypersensitivity, rash, diarrhea

Adverse effects of cephalosporins

Diarrhea, sun sensitivity, kidney stones

Adverse effects of aminoglycosides

Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity

What does vancomycin cause if infused too quickly?

Red man's syndrome

Adverse effects of tetracyclines

GI, photosensitivity, discoloration of teeth in children

Contraindications of tetracyclines

Hypersensitivity, liver disease, children <8 years old