Chapter 21-22 Flashcards by User Unknown

General pathway that blood travels around the body

heart receives unoxygenated blood from body
heart pumps unoxygenated blood to lungs
heart receives oxygenated blood from lungs
heart pumps oxygenated blood to body

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Four chambers of the heart

two atria and two ventricles

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Where does the right atria receive and pump blood to?

receives blood from the body and pumps blood to the right ventricle

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Where does the right ventricle receive and pump blood to?

receives blood from the right atria and pumps blood to the lungs

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Where does the left atria receive and pump blood to?

receives blood from the lungs and pumps blood to left ventricle

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Where does the left ventricle receive and pump blood to?

receives blood from the left atria and pumps blood to the rest of the body

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What three components affect blood pressure?

cardiac output
peripheral resistance
blood volume

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How does cardiac output affect anti-hypertensives?

lower cardiac output = low blood pressure

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How does peripheral resistance affect anti-hypertensives?

dilated vessels decrease pressure

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How does blood volume affect anti-hypertensives?

less blood decreases blood pressure

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How do diuretics work to lower blood pressure?

aim to reduce blood volume

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How do beta blockers work to lower blood pressure?

reduce heart rate and dilate blood vessels

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How do ACEIs work to lower blood pressure?

inhibit ACE to dilate blood vessels

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How do ARBs work to lower blood pressure?

inhibit ACE to dilate blood vessels

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How do calcium channel blockers work to lower blood pressure?

decrease blood pressure or heart rate depending on the type

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How do alpha blockers work to lower blood pressure?

dilate vessels

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How do vasodilators work to lower blood pressure?

dilate vessels

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Ending of diuretics

-ide

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Ending of beta blockers

-olol

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Ending of ACEIs

-pril

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Ending of ARBs

-sartan

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Ending of calcium channel blockers

-ipine

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Major adverse effects of diurectics

increased urination, electrolyte imbalances, hypotension

Major adverse effects of beta blockers

hypotension, bradycardia, depression

Major adverse effects of ACEIs

hypotension, cough, hyperkalemia, renal impairment

Major adverse effects of ARBs

hypotension, hyperkalemia, renal impairment

Major adverse effects of calcium channel blockers

constipation, hypotension or bradycardia, edema of legs

Difference between ACEIs and ARBs

ACEIs caused a cough while ARBs do not

Difference between dihydrophyridine and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers

dihydrophyridine decrease blood pressure while non-dihydrophyridine decrease heart rate

Name of one dihydrophyridine medication

amlodipine

Name of one non-dihydrophyridine medication

verapamil and diltiazem

What is hyperlipidemia?

high cholesterol

Why do we treat hyperlipidemia?

causes blockages in blood vessels which caused blood can't deliver oxygen and tissue dies

What class of medications treats hyperlipidemia?

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (Statins)

Ending of medications used to treat hyperlipidemia

-statin

Adverse effects of statins

muscle pain, rhabdomyolysis (muscle breakdown)

Contraindications of statins

pregnancy, myopathy

Kinds of medications we use for stable angina

nitrates, beta-blockers, verapamil

Common nitrates

nitroglycerin, isosobide mononitrate

Common side effects of nitrates

headache, ineffective if used continuously, cant be used with erectile dysfunction medications

Medications used during a myocardial infarction (acute)

aspirin, nitrates, morphine, oxygen

Medications used after discharge from the hospital following a myocardial infarction (chronic)

beta-blockers, ACEI, aspirin/anti-platelets, statins

What is left ventricular hypertrophy a result of?

damage to the heart that causes scar tissue

What do inotropes do?

increase muscular contractions of heart to increase cardiac output

Three classes of inotropes

cardiac glycosides, beta-agonists, phosphodiesterase inhibitors

The electrical pathway that travels through the heart

SA node - AV node - bundle of his - purkinje fibers

What is an arrhythmia?

irregular heart rhythm

Most common arrhythmia

atrial fibrillation

Differences between antiarrhythmic classes

Class 1: Sodium channel blockers Class 2: Beta -blockers Class 3: Potassium channel blockers Class 4: Calcium channel blockers: non-dihydropyride

Most commonly used antiarrhythmic agents

amiodarone, sotalol, dofetilide

Amiodarone

IV continuous infusion PO tablet once or twice daily typically first line therapy for older adults

Sotalol

Class II and III must initiate in hospital renally eliminated

Dofetilide

must stay 3 days in hospital, EKG after each dose must ensure adequate potassium and magnesium levels renally eliminated

Adverse effects of antiarrhythmics

``` interstitial lung disease hypo-hypertension visual changes liver dysfunction blue-grey skin discoloration ```

Deadly arrhythmia

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