Chapter 13 -14 Flashcards
The most common fungal infection
Candida albicans
The composition of a fungi cell wall
contains ergosterol in cell walls
How does the composition of the cell wall relate to antifungal medications?
inhibit the growth or break down ergosterol
Fluconazole mechanism
blocks the synthesis of ergosterol
Fluconazole cidal or static
cidal
Fluconazole adverse effects
diarrhea, itching, hepatitis
Fluconazole contraindications
pregnancy, liver dysfunction
Amphotericin B mechanism
inhibits ergosterol synthesis
Amphotericin B cidal or static
cidal
Amphotericin B adverse effects
infuction reactions, anemia, renal failure
Amphotericin B contraindications
use caution with renal dysfunction and monitor use with other renal toxic medications
Nystatin mechanism
inhibits ergosterol synthesis
Nystatin adverse effects
well-tolerated
mild diarrhea, rash
Nystatin contraindications
hypersensitivity
Clotrimazole mechanism
inhibits ergosterol synthesis
Clotrimazole adverse effects
itiching, nausea, vomiting
abnormal liver function tests
Oral candidiasis is also known as…
oral thrush
What is the infectious agent that causes malaria?
caused by protozoan Plasmodium
How is it transferred from person to person?
via mosquitos
Adverse effects of chloroquine
irreversible retinal damage deafness deadly rashes liver damage aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia
Adverse effects of metronidazole
GI effects
metallic taste
urine color changes
Contraindications of metronidazole
must avoid alcohol (causes you to puke)
What does our immune system do?
clears foreign substances from blood
fights infections diseases
maintains tissue fluid balance
What organs does the lymphatic system include?
lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils
Medical term for white blood cells
lymphocytes
What is the difference between an antigen and an antibody?
antigen - any substance that causes an immune system to produce antibodies against it
antibody - a large, Y-shaped protein produced mainly by plasma cells that is used by the immune system to identify and neutralize pathogens such as bacteria and viruses
Function of T cells
directly attack foreign cells
help other immune cells recognize foreign material
termed cell-mediated immunity
Function of B cells
develop into plasma cells and create antibodies to the antigens on pathogenic bacteria
termed humoral immunity
antibodies bind to antigens and inhibit bacterial antigens from creating the pathogenic effect
Function of Macrophages
engulf foreign bacteria and digest for elimination
called phagocytosis
Define acquired immunity
not inherited and results from the development of antibodies in response to an antigen, as from exposure to an infectious disease or through vaccination.
Define innate immunity
inborn system that compromises of the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms
Active immunity
when a person is actually exposed to an antigen and B cells produce antibodies that the body is able to use to remember the antigen
Passive immunity
when a person is given antibodies either via their mothers breast milk or via antisera
body will not have memory for future exposures
What are vaccines?
trigger immune response/antibody formation upon exposure to pathogens
Inactivated vaccines
pieces of killed virus containing antigens
Live attenuated
manipulated to remove toxin
Toxoids
contain protein toxins released by bacteria
Vaccine myths
do not cause autism are not poisonous do not give you the flu do not give you the disease are not a government conspiracy
Reference for Vaccines
Pinkbook
Adult/Elderly Immunizations
Pneummococcal vaccine every 5 years
Tetanus and diphtheria booster every 10 years
Hepatitis B vaccine for healthcare employees
Herpes Zoster vaccine 50+ years
