Chapter 23-24

Question 1

3 steps of hemostasis

Answer 1

• vascular spasms
• platelet plug
• blood clotting (coagulation)

Question 2

Vascular spasms

Answer 2

platelets release serotonin to constrict blood vessels

Question 3

Platelet plug

Answer 3

platelets adhere to each other to form a plug over injury

Question 4

Blood clotting (coagulation)

Answer 4

fibrin protein fibers form a net-like structure to stop bleeding

Question 5

How does heparin work?

Answer 5

inhibits clots from forming or growing larger

Question 6

How does warfarin work?

Answer 6

inhibits synthesis of vitamin-K dependent factors

Question 7

How does LMWH work?

Answer 7

clot treatment/prevention

Question 8

How does enoxaparin work?

Answer 8

inhibit Xa to decrease clotting

Question 9

How does dabigatran work?

Answer 9

inhibits thrombin (IIa) directly

Question 10

What medications do break up existing clots?

Answer 10

Thrombolytics

Question 11

Adverse effects of heparin

Answer 11

bleeding and thrombocytopenia (low platelets)

Question 12

Adverse effects of enoxaparin

Answer 12

bleeding

Question 13

Interactions with warfarin

Answer 13

food, alcohol, drug

Question 14

Adverse effects of warfarin

Answer 14

bleeding, skin necrosis

Question 15

Difference between anticoagulants and antiplatelets

Answer 15

anticoagulants - inhibit blood clotting

antiplatelets - bind receptors on platelets to inhibit platelet aggregation and prevent clot formations in arteries

Question 16

Common antiplatelets

Answer 16

aspirin, Plavix, effient, brillinta

Question 17

Adverse effects of antiplatelets

Answer 17

bleeding

Question 18

How does thrombolytics work?

Answer 18

dissolve blood clots by converting plasminogen to plamin to break fibrin strands

Question 19

Common thrombolytics

Answer 19

alteplase

Question 20

Adverse effects of thrombolytics

Answer 20

bleeding

Question 21

Contraindications for thrombolytics

Answer 21

bleeding, recent surgery/trauma, uncontrolled hypertension, current/recent anticoagulant use

Question 22

Function of kidneys

Answer 22

balancing water, balancing electrolytes conserving nutrients, regulating acids and bases, excretes wastes

Question 23

General process of kidneys

Answer 23

• filter blood
• reabsorb needed molecules
• secrete unnecessary molecules through urine
• ureter transports urine to bladder
• bladder holds urine
• urethra conveys urine to exterior

Question 24

How do diuretics work?

Answer 24

promote water loss from body into urine

Question 25

Where do diuretics act?

Answer 25

different parts of tubules

Question 26

Common thiazide diuretic

Answer 26

hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone

Question 27

Adverse effects of thiazide diuretic

Answer 27

low potassium/sodium, high uric acid levels (gout) | hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)

Question 28

Common loop diuretics

Answer 28

end in -ide

Question 29

Adverse effects of loop diuretics

Answer 29

low sodium, potassium, calcium | ototoxicity (loss of hearing) may occur with rapid infusion

Question 30

Contraindications to loop diuretics

Answer 30

dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, hypotension | caution with gout

Question 31

Common potassium-sparing diuretics

Answer 31

spironolactone

Question 32

Adverse effects of potassium-sparing diuretics

Answer 32

hyperkalemia (high potassium), acute renal failure, gynecomastia (breast enlargement)

Question 33

Contraindications to potassium-sparing diuretics

Answer 33

hyperkalemia, renal failure, pregnancy category X

Question 34

Common osmotic diuretic

Answer 34

mannitol

Question 35

Common carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

Answer 35

acetazolamide

Question 36

How does a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor work?

Answer 36

inhibit carbonic anhydrase | carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 to bicarbonate in kidneys