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Pharmacology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an infection?

A

caused by microorganisms

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2
Q

Symptoms of infection

A

fever, elevated white blood cell count, high pulse, high respiratory rate

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3
Q

5 things needed to transmit an infection

A

reservoir, susceptible victim, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry

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4
Q

Difference between gram-positive and gram-negative

A

gram-positive has a thick layer of peptidoglycan while gram-negative has a thin layer

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5
Q

Example of gram-positive

A

streptococcus and staphylococcus

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6
Q

Example of gram-negative

A

E.coli

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7
Q

What is the difference between bactericidal and bacteriostatic?

A

bactericidal - bacteria killing

bacteriostatic - bacteria growth inhibiting

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8
Q

Considerations for antibiotic selection

A

disease location, severity, microorganism, patient allergies, renal or hepatic function, pharmokinectics, pharmacodynamics, local resistance patterns

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9
Q

Penicillin Examples

A

amoxicillin and piperacillin

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10
Q

Penicillin mechanism of action

A

interfere with the synthesis of peptidoglycan

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11
Q

Penicillin cidal or static

A

both

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12
Q

Penicillin major adverse effects

A

hypersensitivity, rash, diarrhea

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13
Q

Penicillin contraindications

A

allergy and dosage adjustments in renal disease

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14
Q

Cephalosporins examples

A

cefazolin, cefoxitin, cefdinir

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15
Q

Cephalosporins mechanism of action

A

inhibits peptidoglycan

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16
Q

Cephalosporins cidal or static

A

cidal

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17
Q

Sulfonamides examples

A

TMP/SMZ

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18
Q

Sulfonamides mechanism of action

A

inhibit bacterial folic acid synthesis

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19
Q

Sulfonamides cidal or static

A

static

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20
Q

Sulfonamides major adverse effects

A

diarrhea, sun sensitivity, kidney stones

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21
Q

Sulfonamides contraindications

A

hypersensitivity, pregnancy, interacts with warfarin

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22
Q

Aminoglycosides examples

A

gentamicin

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23
Q

Aminoglycosides mechanism of action

A

disrupts bacterial protein synthesis

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24
Q

Aminoglycosides cidal or static

A

cidal

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25
Q

Aminoglycosides major adverse effects

A

ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, requires careful blood level monitoring

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26
Q

Aminoglycosides contraindications

A

pregnancy

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27
Q

Macrolides examples

A

azithromycin or clarithromycin

28
Q

Macrolides mechanism of action

A

inhibit bacterial protein synthesis

29
Q

Macrolides cidal or static

A

static at lower doses and cidal at higher doses

30
Q

Macrolides major adverse effects

A

GI - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

31
Q

Macrolides contraindications

A

hypersensitivity

32
Q

Fluoroquinolones examples

A

ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin

33
Q

Fluoroquinolones mechanism of action

A

interferes with bacterial DNA synthesis

34
Q

Fluoroquinolones cidal or static

A

cidal

35
Q

Fluoroquinolones major adverse effects

A

GI - N/V/D, skin rash, photosensitivity, nephrotoxicity

36
Q

Fluoroquinolones contraindications

A

children <18 years old, pregnancy

37
Q

Tetracyclines examples

A

doxycycline or minocycline

38
Q

Tetracyclines mechanism of action

A

prevents bacterial protein synthesis

39
Q

Tetracyclines cidal or static

A

static

40
Q

Tetracyclines major adverse effects

A

GI - N/V/D, photosensitivity, discoloration of teeth in children

41
Q

Tetracyclines contraindications

A

hypersensitivity, liver disease, children < 8 years old

42
Q

Clindamycin mechanism of action

A

inhibits protein synthesis

43
Q

Clindamycin cidal or static

A

static

44
Q

Clindamycin major adverse effects

A

GI - N/V/D, colitis

45
Q

Clindamycin contraindications

A

hypersensitivity, impaired liver function, newborns

46
Q

Linezolid mechanism of action

A

inhibits protein synthesis

47
Q

Linezolid cidal or static

A

static

48
Q

Linezolid major adverse effects

A

GI - N/V/D, leukopenia

49
Q

Linezolid contracindication

A

hypersensitivity, adrenergic drugs, tyramine-containing foods

50
Q

Vancomycin mechanism of action

A

suppresses cell wall synthesis

51
Q

Vancomycin cidal or static

A

cidal

52
Q

Vancomycin major adverse effects

A

ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, red man’s syndrome

blood level monitoring is required

53
Q

Difference between four classes of penicillins

A

natural penicillins - not used
PRP - mostly gram - positive
amino - mostly gram - positive and some negative
ESP - high gram - positive and high gram - negative

54
Q

1st generation cephalosporins

A

high gram positive, low gram-negative

55
Q

2nd generation cephalosporins

A

high gram positive, low gram negative

56
Q

3rd generation cephalosporins

A

low gram-positive. high gram-negative

57
Q

4th generation cephalosporins

A

low gram-positive, high gram negative

58
Q

5th generation cephalosporins

A

high gram-positive, low gram-negative

59
Q

Red Man’s Syndrome

A

is a reaction to the drug vancomycin. Patients typically develop symptoms within 5 or 10 minutes of receiving the drug, and they experience itching and flushing of the face, neck, & torso.

60
Q

What are the drugs used to treat tuberculosis

A

isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol

61
Q

Isoniazid major side effects

A

insomnia, convulsion, psychoses, fatal hepatitis

62
Q

Rifampin major side effects

A

fatigue, drowsiness, headache, dizziness, N/V, skin rashes, renal insufficiency

63
Q

Pyrazinamide side effects

A

hepatotoxicity, myalgia, rash

64
Q

Ethambutol side effects

A

optic neuritis, N/V, fever, hallucinations, regular eye exams to monitor optic neuritis

65
Q

Commonly used antivirals

A

end in -vir

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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