Chapter 1-4 Flashcards by User Unknown

define pharmacology

the study of drugs

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difference between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

pharmacokinetics - effect of the body on the drug

pharmacodynamics - effect of the drug on the body

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factors that influence pharmacokinetics

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

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factors that influence pharmacodynamics

half-life, age, gender, body weight, diseases

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define agonist

create a stimulatory response

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define antagonist

block the endogenous response

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agonist relationship to the receptors in your body

stimulates the same response that happens in the body

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antagonists relationship to the receptors in your body

does the opposite response than the body usually does

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define half-life

the time taken for blood concentration to decrease 50%

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factors that influence absorption

bioavailability, acidity of stomach, chemical properties of the drug, presence of food in GI tract, route of administration, first-pass metabolism

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factors that influence distribution

protein binding, blood flow, chemical properties

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factors that influence metabolism

occurs in liver via enzymes

hepatic portal circulation
CP-450 system

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factor the influence excretion

primarily through the kidneys, lungs, breast milk, sweat, tears, urine, feces, bile, saliva

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describe “first-pass effect”

immediate exposure of orally administrated drugs to metabolism by liver enzymes before they reach the systemic circulation

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difference between toxicity and overdose

toxicity - drug’s ability to poison the body

overdose - toxic dose that causes patient harm

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difference between allergy and adverse reaction

allergy - immune reaction to medication

adverse reaction - unintended, at normal dose

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difference between tolerance, dependence, and addiction

tolerance - resistance to drug effects
dependence - body’s adaptation to drug, needs drug to function normally
addiction - continued use despite harm

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sulfanilamide disaster of 1937

sulfanilamide sold in liquid form for sore throats which caused 107 deaths to occur

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law placed due to sulfanilamide disaster

1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

-prevents marketing before safety testing

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thalidomide disaster of 1962

wasn’t approved in the US, sleeping pill and helped with nausea during pregnancy but caused babies to be born without limbs

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law placed due to thalidomide disaster

1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendment

-prove safely and efficacy before approval

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legend drugs

prescription drugs that require a prescription from a medical provider to get from a pharmacy

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nonlegend drugs

over the counter the drugs that do not require a prescription to get

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Schedule I

high abuse potential, non medial use, not safe, illegal

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Schedule II

high abuse potential, accepted medical use, prescription required, no refills

Schedule III

low-moderate abuse potential, accepted medical use, prescription required, 5 refills

Schedule IV

low abuse potential, accepted medical use, prescription required, 5 refills

Schedule V

low abuse potential, accepted medical use, prescription required, 5 refills

orphan drugs

drugs developed under the Orphan Drug Act, which provides financial incentives to nonprofit and commercial organizations for the development and marketing of drugs used to treat rare diseases

what did the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1966 do? what is the acronym?

protected health information, HIPAA

what practical implications did the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005 institute?

limited sales of Sudafed which is a precursor of methamphetamine

BID

twice a day

NPO

nothing by mouth

by mouth

through the rectum

PRN

as needed

every

q2h

every 2 hours

QID

four times a day

intramuscular

intravenous

QHS

every night at bedtime

TID

three times a day

chemical name

chemical makeup of the drug

trade name

brand name, specific to manufacturer, protected by trademark

generic name

approved name or nonproprietary name, not protected by trademark, one generic name per drug

five sources of drugs

plants, animals (humans), minerals or mineral products, synthetics, engineered

describe the drug development process

preclinical investigation, clinical investigation, investigational new drug review, post-marketing studies

black box warning

big black box that has some kind of health warning in it

tablet

a solid dosage form that is made by compressing the powdered form of a drug and bulk fillings material under high pressure

capsule

a solid dosage from featuring a drug contained inside an external shell

sustained release

tablets and capsules that are specially coted and contain several doses so they dissolve at specific times

enteric coated

overcoat that protects the drug until water enters the pill and pushes the drug out

solutions

chemicals are dissolved in substance

suspensions

medication not distributed evenly through substance unless it is shaken up

composition of syrup

an aqueous solution containing a high concentration of sugars

composition of elixirs

alcoholic solutions that offer consistent dissolution and distribution of the drugs they contain

composition of tinctures

an alcoholic extract of plant or animal material or solution of such or of a low volatility substance

composition of fluidextracts

a concentrated solution in alcohol of a drug derived from a plant

required components of a prescription

date of issuance, patient's name, name of drug, strength of drug, dosage form, directions for use, quantity/refills, prescriber's name, signature

7 rights of drug administration

patient, drug, dose, route, time, technique, documentation

application of topical medication

on the skin

application of ophthalmic medication

in the eye

application of otic medication

in the ear

application of vaginal medication

in the vagina

application of rectal medication

in the butt

application of transdermal medication

through the skin

parts of syringe

barrel and plunger

parts of a needle

bevel, cannula, hub, guage

intravenous

injection into vein (25 degrees)

intramuscular

injection into muscle (90 degrees)

subcutaneous

injection into tissue under skin (45 degrees)

intradermal

injection into dermis of skin (15 degrees)

enteral administration

drug administration by the digestion process of a gastrointestinal tract

various forms of enteral administration

oral, nasogastric, PEG, sublingual, buccal

wasting medication

having a witness watch you waste the left over drugs in a syringe

routes that avoid first-pass metabolism

intravenous, topical, buccal, sublingual