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Pharmacology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

State the differences between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

A

pharmacokinetics - effect of the body on the drug

pharmacodynamics - effect of the drug on the body

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2
Q

What is half-life?

A

the time taken for blood concentration to decrease 50%

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3
Q

Discuss the difference between an allergy and adverse reaction

A

allergy - immune reaction to medication

adverse reaction - unintended, at normal dose

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4
Q

Routes that avoid first pass metabolism

A

intravenous, topical, buccal, sublingual

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5
Q

Schedule I

A

high abuse potential, no medical use, not safe, illegal

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6
Q

Schedule II

A

high abuse potential, accepted medical use, prescription required, no refills

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7
Q

Schedule III

A

low-moderate abuse potential, accepted medical use, prescription required, 5 refills

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8
Q

Schedule IV

A

low abuse potential, accepted medical use, prescription required, 5 refills

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9
Q

Schedule V

A

low abuse potential, accepted medical use, prescription required, 5 refills

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10
Q

Law that created schedules

A

Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970

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11
Q

BID

A

twice a day

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12
Q

NPO

A

nothing by mouth

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13
Q

PO

A

by mouth

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14
Q

PR

A

through the rectum

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15
Q

PRN

A

as needed

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16
Q

q

A

every

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17
Q

q2h

A

every 2 hours

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18
Q

QID

A

four times a day

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19
Q

IM

A

intramuscular

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20
Q

IV

A

intravenous

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21
Q

QHS

A

every night at bedtime

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22
Q

TID

A

three times a day

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23
Q

lbs to kg

A

1 kg = 2.2 lbs

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24
Q

Why do medication errors occur?

A
  • incorrect abbreviations
  • miscommunication
  • missing information
  • lack of appropriate labeling
  • environmental factors
  • poor management
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25
Q

Which of the 7 basic food components are macronutrients?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water

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26
Q

What types of food contain fiber?

A

stringy parts of vegetables and grains

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27
Q

What is the function of fiber?

A

to promote bowel movements

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28
Q

Group of vitamins that are water-soluble

A

Vitamin B and C

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29
Q

Groups of vitamins that are fat-soluble

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

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30
Q

Function of Vitamin B1

A

coenzymes in carbohydrate metabolic processes

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31
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin B1

A

causes Beriberi

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32
Q

Function of Vitamin B2

A

fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism

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33
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin B2

A

causes cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, and seborrheic dematitis

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34
Q

Function of Vitamin B3

A

lowers cholesterol

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35
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin B3

A

causes Pellagra

-dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea, and death

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36
Q

Function of Vitamin B5

A

forms coenzyme A

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37
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin B5

A

reading available, deficiency is rare

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38
Q

Function of Vitamin B6

A
  • treats hyperemesis gravidarum

- prevents/treats isoniazid toxicity

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39
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin B6

A

deficiency is rare

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40
Q

Function of Vitamin B7

A

used as a coenzyme for metabolic reactions

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41
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin B7

A

deficiency is rare

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42
Q

Function of Vitamin B9

A

helps create DNA

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43
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin B9

A

causes megaloblastic anemia

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44
Q

Function of Vitamin B12

A

needed for blood development and nerve cell function

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45
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin B12

A

causes megabloblastic anemia

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46
Q

Function of Vitamin C

A

wound healing, infection prevention, iron absorption

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47
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin C

A

causes scurvy

48
Q

Where are Vitamin K and folate found?

A

green leafy vegetables

49
Q

Function of Vitamin A

A

prevents blindness, and burning/itching

50
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin A

A

caused night blindness, glare blindness

51
Q

Types of food Vitamin A is found in

A

fish-liver, oils, butter, eggs

52
Q

Toxicity due to Vitamin A

A

causes hair loss, jaundice, joint pain, liver injury

53
Q

Function of Vitamin D

A

control calcium metabolism and bone building

54
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin D

A

causes Rickets (brittle bone)

55
Q

Types of food Vitamin D is found in

A

yeast and fish liver oils, fortified food

56
Q

Toxicity due to Vitamin D

A

calcification of soft tissue

57
Q

Function of Vitamin E

A

antioxidant - protects red blood cells

58
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin E

A

causes hemolytic anemia

59
Q

Types of food Vitamin E is found in

A

vegetable oils, nuts, fortified cereals

60
Q

Toxicity due to Vitamin E

A

may interfere with vitamin K and clotting

61
Q

Function of Vitamin K

A
  • used for blood clotting and bone development
  • can be used as antidote for warfarin
  • given to newborns to prevent hemorrhage
62
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin K

63
Q

Types of food Vitamin K found in

A

found in green leafy vegetables, liver

64
Q

Toxicity due to Vitamin K

A

no known toxicity

65
Q

What is the different between enteral and parenteral nutrition?

A 
enteral nutrition 
-functioning GI tract
-oral feeding through tube
parental nutrition 
-unable to take oral supplementation 
-administered IV
-total parenteral nutrition
66
Q

Ways to prevent poisoning

A
  • child-resistant packaging
  • safe storage of toxins in homes
  • poison control centers
  • medication error prevention
67
Q

Example of Emetics

68
Q

How does activated charcoal work?

A

bind poison molecules for excretion

69
Q

Antidote for acetaminophen

A

acetylcysteine (Acetadote)

70
Q

Antidote for benzodiazepines

A

flumazenil

71
Q

Antidote for methanol

72
Q

Antidote for opiates

73
Q

Antidote for warfarin

A

vitamin K and blood products

74
Q

Antidote for digoxin

A

digibing, syrup of ipecac, activated charcoal

75
Q

Antidote for ethylene glycol

A

fomepizole, ethanol, hemodialysis

76
Q

Treatment for amphetamine overdose

A

symptom management

77
Q

Treatment for antihistamines overdose

A

symptom management

78
Q

Treatment for bleach poisonings

A

dilute with milk or water

79
Q

Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning

A

cherry colored skin and mucous membranes

80
Q

Treatment of carbon monoxide

A

high oxygen concentration

81
Q

Symptoms of cyanide poisoning

A
  • bitter almond odor breath

- coma, seizures, cardiac arrest in minutes

82
Q

Treatment of cyanide poisoning

A

administration of nitrite

83
Q

Who do you call in case of poisoning/overdose?

A

poison control

84
Q

Features of addiction

A

chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences

85
Q

Features of tolerance

A

diminished response to a drug as a result of repeated use

86
Q

Factors of dependence

A

physical condition in which the body had adapted to the presence of a drug. if drug is taken away, withdrawals will occur.

87
Q

Barbiturates examples

A

amobarbital, secobarbital, and pentobarbital

88
Q

Barbiturates common uses

A

sleep disorders and some forms of epilepsy

89
Q

Non-barbiturate sedatives examples

A

zolpidem, eszopiclone, zaleplon

90
Q

Benzodiazepines examples

A

alprazolam, diazepam, midazolam, temazepam, triazolam

91
Q

Benzodiazepines common uses

A

used for anxiety, insomnia, muscle relaxation, and seizure prevention

92
Q

Benzodiazepines withdrawal

A

signs/symptoms include tremors, anxiety, insomnia, psychosis, or seizures

93
Q

Opioids examples

A

codeine, morphine, opium, fentanyl, hydrocodone, meperidine, methadone, oxycodone

94
Q

Opioids common uses

A

used for severe pain, diarrhea, and persistent cough

95
Q

Barbiturates major effects of abuse

A

respiratory arrest, coma and death

96
Q

Benzodiazepines major effects of abuse

A

slurred speech, uncoordinated walking, and altered mental status

97
Q

Opioids major effects of abuse

A

sedation, euphoria, constricted pupils, respiratory depression, increased pain tolerability

98
Q

Opioids withdrawal symptoms

A

abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, flu-like symptoms, anxiety, irritability, tachycardia, high blood pressure

99
Q

Alcohol major effects of abuse

A

vomiting, hypotension, respiratory failure, and coma

100
Q

Alcohol withdrawal symptoms

A

life-threating condition

101
Q

Cannabinoids examples

A

marijuana, hashish, hash oil, THC

102
Q

Hallucinogens examples

A

LSD, Ketamine, MDMA, mescaline, PCP

103
Q

Amphetamines examples

104
Q

Methylphenidate uses

A
  • ADHD

- produces calming effect in children and increases their ability to concentrate

105
Q

Cocaine major effects of abuse

A

convulsions, dysrhythmias, stroke, and death

106
Q

Caffeine examples

A

coffee, chocolate, soft drinks, and teas

107
Q

Caffeine common uses

A

causes bronchodilation, increased BP, and production of stomach acid

108
Q

Caffeine withdrawal

A

can produce fatigue, headaches, depression, decreased performance

109
Q

Nicotine example

A

addictive chemical in tobacco

110
Q

Nicotine withdrawal

A

anxiety, cravings, impaired attention, continual thoughts of smoking, upset stomach, headaches

111
Q

Describe delirium tremens

A

an acute, sometimes fatal episode usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol after habitual, excessive drinking; symptoms include sweating, trembling, anxiety, confusion, and hallucinations

112
Q

Withdrawal of which substances cause delirium tremens?

113
Q

what is jaundice?

A

when your skin turns yellow due to high levels of bilirubin

114
Q

How do you treat alcohol withdrawal?

A

treated with benzodiazepines

115
Q

What is the active ingredient in marijuana?

116
Q

How do you treat nicotine dependence?

A
  • nicotine replacement therapy
  • varenicline
  • bupropion
117
Q

Withdrawal of which substance is the most life-threating?

A

alcohol, benzodiazepines, and meth

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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