Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
State the differences between pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
A
pharmacokinetics - effect of the body on the drug
pharmacodynamics - effect of the drug on the body
2
Q
What is half-life?
A
the time taken for blood concentration to decrease 50%
3
Q
Discuss the difference between an allergy and adverse reaction
A
allergy - immune reaction to medication
adverse reaction - unintended, at normal dose
4
Q
Routes that avoid first pass metabolism
A
intravenous, topical, buccal, sublingual
5
Q
Schedule I
A
high abuse potential, no medical use, not safe, illegal
6
Q
Schedule II
A
high abuse potential, accepted medical use, prescription required, no refills
7
Q
Schedule III
A
low-moderate abuse potential, accepted medical use, prescription required, 5 refills
8
Q
Schedule IV
A
low abuse potential, accepted medical use, prescription required, 5 refills
9
Q
Schedule V
A
low abuse potential, accepted medical use, prescription required, 5 refills
10
Q
Law that created schedules
A
Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
11
Q
BID
A
twice a day
12
Q
NPO
A
nothing by mouth
13
Q
PO
A
by mouth
14
Q
PR
A
through the rectum
15
Q
PRN
A
as needed
16
Q
q
A
every
17
Q
q2h
A
every 2 hours
18
Q
QID
A
four times a day
19
Q
IM
A
intramuscular
20
Q
IV
A
intravenous
21
Q
QHS
A
every night at bedtime
22
Q
TID
A
three times a day
23
Q
lbs to kg
A
1 kg = 2.2 lbs
24
Q
Why do medication errors occur?
A
- incorrect abbreviations
- miscommunication
- missing information
- lack of appropriate labeling
- environmental factors
- poor management
25
Which of the 7 basic food components are macronutrients?
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, water
26
What types of food contain fiber?
stringy parts of vegetables and grains
27
What is the function of fiber?
to promote bowel movements
28
Group of vitamins that are water-soluble
Vitamin B and C
29
Groups of vitamins that are fat-soluble
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
30
Function of Vitamin B1
coenzymes in carbohydrate metabolic processes
31
Deficiency due to Vitamin B1
causes Beriberi
32
Function of Vitamin B2
fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism
33
Deficiency due to Vitamin B2
causes cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, and seborrheic dematitis
34
Function of Vitamin B3
lowers cholesterol
35
Deficiency due to Vitamin B3
causes Pellagra
| -dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea, and death
36
Function of Vitamin B5
forms coenzyme A
37
Deficiency due to Vitamin B5
reading available, deficiency is rare
38
Function of Vitamin B6
- treats hyperemesis gravidarum
| - prevents/treats isoniazid toxicity
39
Deficiency due to Vitamin B6
deficiency is rare
40
Function of Vitamin B7
used as a coenzyme for metabolic reactions
41
Deficiency due to Vitamin B7
deficiency is rare
42
Function of Vitamin B9
helps create DNA
43
Deficiency due to Vitamin B9
causes megaloblastic anemia
44
Function of Vitamin B12
needed for blood development and nerve cell function
45
Deficiency due to Vitamin B12
causes megabloblastic anemia
46
Function of Vitamin C
wound healing, infection prevention, iron absorption
47
Deficiency due to Vitamin C
causes scurvy
48
Where are Vitamin K and folate found?
green leafy vegetables
49
Function of Vitamin A
prevents blindness, and burning/itching
50
Deficiency due to Vitamin A
caused night blindness, glare blindness
51
Types of food Vitamin A is found in
fish-liver, oils, butter, eggs
52
Toxicity due to Vitamin A
causes hair loss, jaundice, joint pain, liver injury
53
Function of Vitamin D
control calcium metabolism and bone building
54
Deficiency due to Vitamin D
causes Rickets (brittle bone)
55
Types of food Vitamin D is found in
yeast and fish liver oils, fortified food
56
Toxicity due to Vitamin D
calcification of soft tissue
57
Function of Vitamin E
antioxidant - protects red blood cells
58
Deficiency due to Vitamin E
causes hemolytic anemia
59
Types of food Vitamin E is found in
vegetable oils, nuts, fortified cereals
60
Toxicity due to Vitamin E
may interfere with vitamin K and clotting
61
Function of Vitamin K
- used for blood clotting and bone development
- can be used as antidote for warfarin
- given to newborns to prevent hemorrhage
62
Deficiency due to Vitamin K
is rare
63
Types of food Vitamin K found in
found in green leafy vegetables, liver
64
Toxicity due to Vitamin K
no known toxicity
65
What is the different between enteral and parenteral nutrition?
```
enteral nutrition
-functioning GI tract
-oral feeding through tube
parental nutrition
-unable to take oral supplementation
-administered IV
-total parenteral nutrition
```
66
Ways to prevent poisoning
- child-resistant packaging
- safe storage of toxins in homes
- poison control centers
- medication error prevention
67
Example of Emetics
ipecac
68
How does activated charcoal work?
bind poison molecules for excretion
69
Antidote for acetaminophen
acetylcysteine (Acetadote)
70
Antidote for benzodiazepines
flumazenil
71
Antidote for methanol
ethanol
72
Antidote for opiates
naloxone
73
Antidote for warfarin
vitamin K and blood products
74
Antidote for digoxin
digibing, syrup of ipecac, activated charcoal
75
Antidote for ethylene glycol
fomepizole, ethanol, hemodialysis
76
Treatment for amphetamine overdose
symptom management
77
Treatment for antihistamines overdose
symptom management
78
Treatment for bleach poisonings
dilute with milk or water
79
Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning
cherry colored skin and mucous membranes
80
Treatment of carbon monoxide
high oxygen concentration
81
Symptoms of cyanide poisoning
- bitter almond odor breath
| - coma, seizures, cardiac arrest in minutes
82
Treatment of cyanide poisoning
administration of nitrite
83
Who do you call in case of poisoning/overdose?
poison control
84
Features of addiction
chronic, relapsing brain disease that is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences
85
Features of tolerance
diminished response to a drug as a result of repeated use
86
Factors of dependence
physical condition in which the body had adapted to the presence of a drug. if drug is taken away, withdrawals will occur.
87
Barbiturates examples
amobarbital, secobarbital, and pentobarbital
88
Barbiturates common uses
sleep disorders and some forms of epilepsy
89
Non-barbiturate sedatives examples
zolpidem, eszopiclone, zaleplon
90
Benzodiazepines examples
alprazolam, diazepam, midazolam, temazepam, triazolam
91
Benzodiazepines common uses
used for anxiety, insomnia, muscle relaxation, and seizure prevention
92
Benzodiazepines withdrawal
signs/symptoms include tremors, anxiety, insomnia, psychosis, or seizures
93
Opioids examples
codeine, morphine, opium, fentanyl, hydrocodone, meperidine, methadone, oxycodone
94
Opioids common uses
used for severe pain, diarrhea, and persistent cough
95
Barbiturates major effects of abuse
respiratory arrest, coma and death
96
Benzodiazepines major effects of abuse
slurred speech, uncoordinated walking, and altered mental status
97
Opioids major effects of abuse
sedation, euphoria, constricted pupils, respiratory depression, increased pain tolerability
98
Opioids withdrawal symptoms
abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, flu-like symptoms, anxiety, irritability, tachycardia, high blood pressure
99
Alcohol major effects of abuse
vomiting, hypotension, respiratory failure, and coma
100
Alcohol withdrawal symptoms
life-threating condition
101
Cannabinoids examples
marijuana, hashish, hash oil, THC
102
Hallucinogens examples
LSD, Ketamine, MDMA, mescaline, PCP
103
Amphetamines examples
adderall
104
Methylphenidate uses
- ADHD
| - produces calming effect in children and increases their ability to concentrate
105
Cocaine major effects of abuse
convulsions, dysrhythmias, stroke, and death
106
Caffeine examples
coffee, chocolate, soft drinks, and teas
107
Caffeine common uses
causes bronchodilation, increased BP, and production of stomach acid
108
Caffeine withdrawal
can produce fatigue, headaches, depression, decreased performance
109
Nicotine example
addictive chemical in tobacco
110
Nicotine withdrawal
anxiety, cravings, impaired attention, continual thoughts of smoking, upset stomach, headaches
111
Describe delirium tremens
an acute, sometimes fatal episode usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol after habitual, excessive drinking; symptoms include sweating, trembling, anxiety, confusion, and hallucinations
112
Withdrawal of which substances cause delirium tremens?
alcohol
113
what is jaundice?
when your skin turns yellow due to high levels of bilirubin
114
How do you treat alcohol withdrawal?
treated with benzodiazepines
115
What is the active ingredient in marijuana?
THC
116
How do you treat nicotine dependence?
- nicotine replacement therapy
- varenicline
- bupropion
117
Withdrawal of which substance is the most life-threating?
alcohol, benzodiazepines, and meth
