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Pharmacology > Chapter 8-9 > Flashcards

Chapter 8-9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a medication error?

A

inappropriate or incorrect administration of a medication that should be preventable through effective system controls from a healthcare team

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2
Q

Who makes medication errors?

A

doctors, PAs. NPs, nurses, pharmacists

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3
Q

How many deaths do medication errors cause annually?

A

100,000 deaths annually

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4
Q

When do medication errors occur?

A
  • prescribing/ordering medication
  • dispensing medication to patients
  • administration and monitoring
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5
Q

Reasons why medication errors occur

A
  • incorrect abbreviations
  • miscommunication
  • missing information
  • lack of appropriate labeling
  • environmental factors
  • poor management
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6
Q

Ways to reduce medication errors

A
  • adequate staffing of properly trained professionals
  • standardized measurement systems
  • prospective error-tracking systems to track common errors
  • providing a suitable work environment
  • electronic medical records and e-prescribing
  • root cause analysis
  • accurate medication reconciliation
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7
Q

Root Cause Analysis (RCA)

A

a method used in many healthcare facilities to identify causes of mistakes, reduce risks, and prevent future occurrences

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8
Q

What is medication reconciliation?

A

process of obtaining the most accurate list of medications a patient is taking and comparing that list to the patient’s medication orders

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9
Q

What are sentinel events?

A

unexpected occurrences involving death or serious physical or psychological damage

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10
Q

What is nutrition?

A

the process of how the body takes in and uses food and nutrients for growth and repair of tissues

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11
Q

What are the 7 basic food components?

A
  • proteins
  • fatty acids
  • carbohydrates
  • fiber
  • vitamins
  • minerals
  • water
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12
Q

Which of these 7 food components are macronutrients?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • fats
  • proteins
  • water
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13
Q

What are proteins broken down in to?

A

converted to amino acids and peptides

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14
Q

What are fats broken down in to?

A

converted to fatty acids and glycerol

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15
Q

What are carbohydrates broken down in to?

A

converted to glucose

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16
Q

What type of foods contain fiber?

A

stringy part of vegetables and grains

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17
Q

What is the function of fiber?

A

promote bowel movements

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18
Q

How many amino acids are essential?

A

nine

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19
Q

What does it mean to be an essential amino acid?

A

they must be ingested and that our body doesn’t make them

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20
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

saturated - dense, heavy, solid at room temperature

unsaturated - liquid at room temperature

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21
Q

What are the macrominerals?

A

sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium

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22
Q

What is the function of sodium?

A

regulate blood volume, pressure and pH

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23
Q

What is the function of chloride?

A

metabolic processes and acid-based balance

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24
Q

What is the function of potassium?

A

brain and muscle electrical impulses

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25
What is the function of calcium?
bone formation and muscle movement
26
What is the function of phosphorus?
energy production and tooth enamel
27
What is the function of magnesium?
brain and muscle electrical impulses
28
Group of vitamins that are water soluble
Vitamins B and C
29
Group of vitamins that are lipid soluble
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
30
Function of Vitamin B1
coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolic processes
31
Deficiency due to Vitamin B1
causes Beriberi
32
Function of Vitamin B2
fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism
33
Deficiency due to Vitamin B2
causes cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, and seborrheic dermatitis
34
Function of Vitamin B3
lowers cholesterol
35
Deficiency due to Vitamin B3
causes Pellagra | -dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea, and death
36
Function of Vitamin B5
forms coenzyme A
37
Deficiency due to Vitamin B5
readily available, deficiency rare
38
Function of Vitamin B6
- treats hyperemesis gravidarum | - prevents/treats isoniazid toxicity
39
Deficiency due to Vitamin B6
deficiency is rare
40
Function of Vitamin B7
used as a coenzyme for metabolic reactions
41
Deficiency due to Vitamin B7
deficiency is rare
42
Function of Vitamin B9
helps create DNA
43
Deficiency due to Vitamin B9
causes megaloblastic anemia
44
Function of Vitamin B12
needed for blood development and nerve cell function
45
Deficiency due to Vitamin B12
causes megaloblastic anemia
46
Function of Vitamin C
wound healing, infection prevention, iron absorption
47
Deficiency due to Vitamin C
causes scurvy
48
Where are folate and vitamin K found?
green leafy vegetables
49
Function of Vitamin A
prevents blindness, and burning/itching
50
Deficiency due to Vitamin A
causes night blindness, glare blindness
51
Types of food Vitamin A is found in
fish-liver, oils, butter, eggs
52
Toxicity due to Vitamin A
causes hair loss, jaundice, joint pain, liver injury
53
Function of Vitamin D
controls calcium metabolism and bone building
54
Deficiency due to Vitamin D
causes Rickets (brittle bone)
55
Types of food Vitamin D is found in
yeast and fish liver oils, fortified foods
56
Toxicity due to Vitamin D
calcification of soft tissue
57
Function of Vitamin E
antioxidant - protects red blood cells
58
Deficiency due to Vitamin E
causes hemolytic anemia
59
Types of food Vitamin E is found in
vegetable oils, nuts, fortified cereals
60
Toxicity due to Vitamin E
may interfere with vitamin K and clotting
61
Function of Vitamin K
- used for blood clotting and bone development - can be used as antidote for warfarin - given to newborns to prevent hemorrhage
62
Deficiency due to Vitamin K
is rare
63
Types of food Vitamin K is found in
found in green leafy vegetables, liver
64
Toxicity due to Vitamin K
no known toxicity
65
What is the difference between enteral and parenteral nutrition?
``` enteral nutrition -functioning GI tract -oral feeding through tube parenteral nutrition -unable to take oral supplementation -administered IV -total parenteral nutrition ```
66
What are the two methods to administer enteral nutrition?
through a nasal or oral feeding tube
67
What are the ways that food affects drug absorption?
- slowing gastric emptying - binding with a drug - decreasing the access of drugs to sites of absorption - altering the dissolution rate of drugs - altering the pH of the GI contents

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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