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Pharmacology > Chapter 8-9 > Flashcards

Chapter 8-9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a medication error?

A

inappropriate or incorrect administration of a medication that should be preventable through effective system controls from a healthcare team

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2
Q

Who makes medication errors?

A

doctors, PAs. NPs, nurses, pharmacists

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3
Q

How many deaths do medication errors cause annually?

A

100,000 deaths annually

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4
Q

When do medication errors occur?

A
  • prescribing/ordering medication
  • dispensing medication to patients
  • administration and monitoring
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5
Q

Reasons why medication errors occur

A
  • incorrect abbreviations
  • miscommunication
  • missing information
  • lack of appropriate labeling
  • environmental factors
  • poor management
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6
Q

Ways to reduce medication errors

A
  • adequate staffing of properly trained professionals
  • standardized measurement systems
  • prospective error-tracking systems to track common errors
  • providing a suitable work environment
  • electronic medical records and e-prescribing
  • root cause analysis
  • accurate medication reconciliation
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7
Q

Root Cause Analysis (RCA)

A

a method used in many healthcare facilities to identify causes of mistakes, reduce risks, and prevent future occurrences

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8
Q

What is medication reconciliation?

A

process of obtaining the most accurate list of medications a patient is taking and comparing that list to the patient’s medication orders

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9
Q

What are sentinel events?

A

unexpected occurrences involving death or serious physical or psychological damage

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10
Q

What is nutrition?

A

the process of how the body takes in and uses food and nutrients for growth and repair of tissues

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11
Q

What are the 7 basic food components?

A
  • proteins
  • fatty acids
  • carbohydrates
  • fiber
  • vitamins
  • minerals
  • water
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12
Q

Which of these 7 food components are macronutrients?

A
  • carbohydrates
  • fats
  • proteins
  • water
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13
Q

What are proteins broken down in to?

A

converted to amino acids and peptides

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14
Q

What are fats broken down in to?

A

converted to fatty acids and glycerol

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15
Q

What are carbohydrates broken down in to?

A

converted to glucose

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16
Q

What type of foods contain fiber?

A

stringy part of vegetables and grains

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17
Q

What is the function of fiber?

A

promote bowel movements

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18
Q

How many amino acids are essential?

A

nine

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19
Q

What does it mean to be an essential amino acid?

A

they must be ingested and that our body doesn’t make them

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20
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

saturated - dense, heavy, solid at room temperature

unsaturated - liquid at room temperature

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21
Q

What are the macrominerals?

A

sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium

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22
Q

What is the function of sodium?

A

regulate blood volume, pressure and pH

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23
Q

What is the function of chloride?

A

metabolic processes and acid-based balance

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24
Q

What is the function of potassium?

A

brain and muscle electrical impulses

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25
Q

What is the function of calcium?

A

bone formation and muscle movement

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26
Q

What is the function of phosphorus?

A

energy production and tooth enamel

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27
Q

What is the function of magnesium?

A

brain and muscle electrical impulses

28
Q

Group of vitamins that are water soluble

A

Vitamins B and C

29
Q

Group of vitamins that are lipid soluble

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

30
Q

Function of Vitamin B1

A

coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolic processes

31
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin B1

A

causes Beriberi

32
Q

Function of Vitamin B2

A

fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism

33
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin B2

A

causes cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis, and seborrheic dermatitis

34
Q

Function of Vitamin B3

A

lowers cholesterol

35
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin B3

A

causes Pellagra

-dementia, dermatitis, diarrhea, and death

36
Q

Function of Vitamin B5

A

forms coenzyme A

37
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin B5

A

readily available, deficiency rare

38
Q

Function of Vitamin B6

A
  • treats hyperemesis gravidarum

- prevents/treats isoniazid toxicity

39
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin B6

A

deficiency is rare

40
Q

Function of Vitamin B7

A

used as a coenzyme for metabolic reactions

41
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin B7

A

deficiency is rare

42
Q

Function of Vitamin B9

A

helps create DNA

43
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin B9

A

causes megaloblastic anemia

44
Q

Function of Vitamin B12

A

needed for blood development and nerve cell function

45
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin B12

A

causes megaloblastic anemia

46
Q

Function of Vitamin C

A

wound healing, infection prevention, iron absorption

47
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin C

A

causes scurvy

48
Q

Where are folate and vitamin K found?

A

green leafy vegetables

49
Q

Function of Vitamin A

A

prevents blindness, and burning/itching

50
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin A

A

causes night blindness, glare blindness

51
Q

Types of food Vitamin A is found in

A

fish-liver, oils, butter, eggs

52
Q

Toxicity due to Vitamin A

A

causes hair loss, jaundice, joint pain, liver injury

53
Q

Function of Vitamin D

A

controls calcium metabolism and bone building

54
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin D

A

causes Rickets (brittle bone)

55
Q

Types of food Vitamin D is found in

A

yeast and fish liver oils, fortified foods

56
Q

Toxicity due to Vitamin D

A

calcification of soft tissue

57
Q

Function of Vitamin E

A

antioxidant - protects red blood cells

58
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin E

A

causes hemolytic anemia

59
Q

Types of food Vitamin E is found in

A

vegetable oils, nuts, fortified cereals

60
Q

Toxicity due to Vitamin E

A

may interfere with vitamin K and clotting

61
Q

Function of Vitamin K

A
  • used for blood clotting and bone development
  • can be used as antidote for warfarin
  • given to newborns to prevent hemorrhage
62
Q

Deficiency due to Vitamin K

A

is rare

63
Q

Types of food Vitamin K is found in

A

found in green leafy vegetables, liver

64
Q

Toxicity due to Vitamin K

A

no known toxicity

65
Q

What is the difference between enteral and parenteral nutrition?

A 
enteral nutrition 
-functioning GI tract
-oral feeding through tube
parenteral nutrition 
-unable to take oral supplementation
-administered IV
-total parenteral nutrition
66
Q

What are the two methods to administer enteral nutrition?

A

through a nasal or oral feeding tube

67
Q

What are the ways that food affects drug absorption?

A
  • slowing gastric emptying
  • binding with a drug
  • decreasing the access of drugs to sites of absorption
  • altering the dissolution rate of drugs
  • altering the pH of the GI contents

Pharmacology (13 decks)

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