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Psych 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

awarebessof both external and int stimuli such as feelings of hunger and pain

A

consciousness

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2
Q

high levels of sensory awareness, thought, behavior

A

wakefulness

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3
Q

low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness

A

sleep

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4
Q

int cycle of biological activity increases

A

biological rythems

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5
Q

fluctuation of body temp, individual menstrual cycle, level of alertness are all what

A

biological rythems

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6
Q

biological rhythm

A

biological rhythm occurs over approx 24 hours

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7
Q

what is circadian rhythm generated by

A

suprachaismatic nucleaus

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8
Q

what controls homeostasis

A

hypothalamus

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9
Q

what releases melatonin

A

pineal gland

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10
Q

sleep wake cycle regulated by what

A

melatonin

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11
Q

symptoms resulting from mismatch btw our int circadian rhythm and enviroment

A

jet lag

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12
Q

work schedule that changes from early to late on a weekly basis

A

rotating shift work

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13
Q

sleep deprived individual tend to take a shorter time to fall asleep

A

sleep rebound

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14
Q

result of insufficient sleep on chronic basis

A

sleep debt

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15
Q

sleep associated hormones

A

melatonin, follicle stim, lutenizing, growth hormone

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16
Q

two hypothesis of sleep

A

sleep is essential to restore resources expended during the day, sleep is adaptive response to predators roaming at night

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17
Q

focuses on sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation

A

cognitive function theories

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18
Q

relatively low freq, high amplitude, synchronized

A

alpha

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19
Q

barely dozed off, what brain wave

A

alpha

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20
Q

low freq, moderately low amplitude

A

theta

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21
Q

light sleep, what brainwave

A

theta

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22
Q

low freq, high amplitude, desynchronized

A

delta

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23
Q

deep sleep, what brainwave

A

delta

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24
Q

transit phase occurring between wakefulness and sleep, rate of respiration and HB slow down, what stage

A

stage 1

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25
Q

body goes into deep relaxation, characterized by appearance of sleep spindles and k complex

A

stage 2

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26
Q

tight waves have what

A

high freq

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27
Q

k complexes have what

A

high amplitude

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28
Q

slow wave; respiration and HR slow down further

A

stage 3

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29
Q

slow wave indicates what

A

deep sleep

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30
Q

paralysis of voluntary muscles

A

REM sleep

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31
Q

brainwaves in REM sleep look similar to what

A

those seen during wakefulness

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32
Q

more REM sleep on average

A

REM rebound

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33
Q

saw dreams as a way of gaining access to uncoscious

A

SIGmond Frued

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34
Q

actual content of dream is called..

A

mainfest content

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35
Q

hidden meaning of the dream is called what

A

latent content

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36
Q

believed that certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes regardless of culture or location

A

carl jung

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37
Q

believed dream allowed us to tap into collective unconsciousness

A

Carl Jung

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38
Q

dreams represent life events that are important to the dreamer who said this

A

Cartwright and hobson

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39
Q

dreaming may represent a state of a virtual reality , who thought this

A

Cartwright and hobson,

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40
Q

certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dreaming state

A

lucid dreams

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41
Q

diffuculty falling or staying asleep, for at least 3 nights a week for 1 month

A

insomnia

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42
Q

treatments for insomnia

A

stress management tech changes in problematic behavior, cognitive behavioral therapy

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43
Q

sleep walking and REM sleep behavior disorder

A

parasomnias

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44
Q

during what wave does sleepwalking usually occur

A

slow

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45
Q

occurs when muscle paralysis associated with REM doesn’t occur

A

REM sleep behavior disorder

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46
Q

uncomfortable sensation in legs when falling asleep

A

restless leg syndrome

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47
Q

sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape

A

night terrors

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48
Q

occurs when individuals stop breathing in their sleep usually for 10-20 seconds or longer

A

sleep apnea

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49
Q

2 types of sleep apnea

A

obstructive and central

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50
Q

airway becomes blocked air can’t enter

A

obstructive sleep apnea

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51
Q

CNS fails to initiate breaths

A

central sleep apnea

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52
Q

occurs when infant stops breathing in sleep and dies

A

sudden infant death syndrome

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53
Q

which infants are at highest risk for SIDs

A

infants younger than 12 months

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54
Q

involves and irresistible urge to fall asleep during waking hours

A

narcolepsy

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55
Q

loss of muscle tone

A

cataplexy

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56
Q

vivid dream like hallucinations

A

hypogenic hallucinations

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57
Q

compulsive pattern of drug use despite negative consequences

A

substance use disorder

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58
Q

involves changes in normal bodily functions and withdrawal upon stopping use

A

physiological dependance

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59
Q

emotional need for the drug

A

psychological dependance

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60
Q

person requires more and more of subs to get same effect

A

tolerance

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61
Q

neg symptoms exp when drug use is discontinued

A

withdrawl

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62
Q

drugs that suppress CNS,

A

depressantsin

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63
Q

include alcohol, barbituants, benzodiazepines

A

depressants

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64
Q

increase neural activity

A

stimulants

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65
Q

include coke, amphetamine, MDMA

A

stimulants

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66
Q

increases levels of alertness and arousal

A

caffiene

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67
Q

common in tobacco prod like cig, chewing tobacco, ecigs

A

nicotine

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68
Q

interacts with acetylcholine receptors

A

nicotine

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69
Q

serve as analgesics thru their effects on the endogenous opiod neurotransmitter system

A

opiods

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70
Q

opiates occur…

A

naturally

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71
Q

opioids are…

A

synthetic

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72
Q

causes changes in sensory or perceptual experinces

A

hallucinogens

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73
Q

ext focus on the self that involves suggested changes of behavior and experince

A

hypnosis

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74
Q

act of being fully aware of the present moment which can be achieved thru focusing on a single target

A

mediation

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75
Q

sensory info detecte dby sensory receptor

A

sensation

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76
Q

conversion of sensory stem energy into action potentials

A

transduction

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77
Q

min amount of a stim needed for us to notice it 50% of the time

A

absolute threshold

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78
Q

min amount of charge in stim needed to detect a diff (noticeable difference)

A

difference threshold

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79
Q

steps of stimulus to brain

A

stimulus -> sensory -> neural impulses -> brain

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80
Q

basic sensory features analyzed and recombined

A

bottom up procesing

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81
Q

perception influenced by knowledge, experience, expectation and motivations

A

top down processing

82
Q

a form or pattern

A

gestalt

83
Q

whole can be more than the sum of its parts

A

gestalt

84
Q

ability to discrimination among difference figures or shapes

A

pattern perception

85
Q

what we see is a reflection of what we expect to see

A

perceptual hypothesis

86
Q

way we consciously experience something

A

perception

87
Q

not perceiving stimuli that have been relatively constant over a period of time

A

sensory adaptation

88
Q

influences what stim we adapt to

A

attention

89
Q

influence what we attend to

A

motivation

90
Q

failure to notice something visible due to attend something else

A

inattention blindness

91
Q

identifying specific stim even in distracting background

A

signal detection theory

92
Q

distance from center line to crest or trough

A

amplitude

93
Q

distance from 1 peak to the next

A

wavelength

94
Q

of waves that go by in a given period of time

A

frequency

95
Q

associated with color

A

wavelength

96
Q

associated with intensity

A

amplitide

97
Q

higher amplitude means

A

higher intensity

98
Q

associated with loudness

A

decibals

99
Q

associated with sound wave freqinecy

A

pitch

100
Q

a sounds purity

A

timbre

101
Q

curved transparent protective layer where light first enters eye

A

cornea

102
Q

colored ring of muscle

A

iris

103
Q

opening in middle of the iris

A

pupil

104
Q

size of pupil depends on what

A

amount of light in environment and or arousla state

105
Q

bends the light rays so they can be properly focuses on retina

A

lens

106
Q

light is converted to electrical impulses for transmission tp brain

A

retina

107
Q

photochemical rxn, occurs when light hits photoreceptors in retina

A

photoactivation

108
Q

a small indentation in back of retina packed with photoreceptors

A

fovea

109
Q

dim light, not great color sensors

A

rods

110
Q

used in bright light, color reception fine detail, found near fovea

A

cones

111
Q

where does optic nerve meet at

A

optic chaism

112
Q

left visual field corresponds to what part of brain

A

right side of brain

113
Q

optic nerve goes to …

A

primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)

114
Q

object recognition, identification, what pathway

A

what pathway

115
Q

location of object in space, how it can be interacted with, what pathway

A

where/how

116
Q

s cones correspond to what color in trichromy theory

A

blue

117
Q

m cones correspond to what color

A

green

118
Q

l cones correspond to what color

A

red

119
Q

opponent process theory of color

A

after images are opposite

120
Q

cues to establish our sense of depth w/ two eyes

A

binocular cues

121
Q

different retinal images received by each eye

A

bin disparity

122
Q

cues to establish sense of depth with one eye

A

monocular cues

123
Q

percieving depth due to convergence of the parallel lines

A

linear perspective

124
Q

pima

A

outer ear

125
Q

tympanic membrane

A

eardrum

126
Q

ossicles

A

middle ear

127
Q

middle ear includes whatq

A

malleus, incus, stirrup

128
Q

inner ear includes what

A

cochlea, semicircular canals, basilar membrane

129
Q

snail part

A

coclea

130
Q

small hairs attach here

A

basilar membrane

131
Q

we detect pitch via the frequency that the neuron fires

A

temporal theory

132
Q

different portions of the basilar membrane fire depending on sound waves frequency

A

place theory

133
Q

base of basilar membrane is for what

A

high frequency

134
Q

tip of basilar membrane is for

A

low frequency

135
Q

each pinna interacts wit sound waves different to pinpoint source of sound

A

monaural cues

136
Q

sounds closer to one ear are perceived more loudly than opposite ear

A

intramural level difference

137
Q

sound closer to one ear perceived more quickly that opposite ear

A

intramural timing differnce

138
Q

partial or complete inability to hear

A

deafness

139
Q

inability to deliver sound to cochlea

A

conductive hearing loss

140
Q

born without hearing

A

congenital hearing

141
Q

failure to transmit neural signal form cochlea to the brain

A

sensorineural hearing loss

142
Q

6 basic groups of taste

A

sweet salty sour bitter umami fatty

143
Q

life cycle of taste cells

A

10-14 days

144
Q

taste chemical info transacted to what

A

gustatory complex

145
Q

odor molecules interact with chemical receptor

A

olfactory receptor cells

146
Q

tip of frontal love where olfactory nerves begin

A

olfactory bulb

147
Q

chemical messages sent by some species

A

pheromones

148
Q

pressure and low freq vibrations

A

meissners corpuscle

149
Q

transient pressure and high freq vibration

A

pacinian corpuscle

150
Q

light pressure

A

merkles disk

151
Q

detect stretch

A

Ruffini corpuscle

152
Q

signals potential harm and or pain

A

nociiception

153
Q

signals tissue damage

A

inflammatory pain

154
Q

neuropathic pain

A

pain from damage to neurons in PNS or CNS

155
Q

more genetic disorder where one cannot feel pain

A

congenital alagesia

156
Q

ability to maintain balance and body posture

A

vestibular sense

157
Q

perception of body position

A

proprioception

158
Q

perception of body moving thru space

A

kinesthesia

159
Q

motor or neural rxns to specify stimulus in environment

A

reflexes

160
Q

innate behaviors that are triggered by a broad range of events

A

instincts

161
Q

more complex than reflexes

A

instincts

162
Q

relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience

A

learning

163
Q

type of learning in which a neutral stim comes to elicit a respond after being paired with stimulius that naturally brings about that response

A

classical conditioning

164
Q

stim that naturally brings about a response without being learned

A

unconditioned stimular

165
Q

response to UCS that is natural

A

unconditioned response

166
Q

once neutral stim that has been paired w an UCS to bring about response caused only by UCS

A

conditioned stim

167
Q

response to CS that after condition follows prev neutral stim

A

conditioned response

168
Q

establish conditioned stim paired w new neutral stim so that eventually new stim elicits conditioned response w/o initial conditioned stim being presented

A

higher order conditioning

169
Q

flavors associated with certain foods/drinks can be associated with unpleasant symptoms

A

taste oversion conditoning

170
Q

cues assoc with emotional trauma

A

fear condition and phoias

171
Q

initial pd of learning when an organism learns to connect neutral stim and UCS

A

acquisiiton

172
Q

decrease in conditioned response when ECS is no longer presented w CS

A

extinction

173
Q

return of prev existing conditioned response following rest pd

A

spontaneous recovery

174
Q

when organism learns to respond differently to various stim that are similar

A

stim discrimination

175
Q

organism demonstrates conditioned response to stim that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

A

stimulus generalization

176
Q

classical conditioning can lead to..

A

habituation

177
Q

used principles of classical condition in study of human emotion

A

John b watson

178
Q

who did little albert study

A

John b watson

179
Q

learning to associate btw behavior and resulting events

A

operant conditioning

180
Q

what provides cues for whether or not behavior will result in particular outcomes in operant conditioning

A

aspects of enviroment

181
Q

behaviors followed by pleasant or rewarding consequences are more likely to be repeated

A

thorndikes law of effect

182
Q

successive rewarding of approximation of desired behavior

A

shaping

183
Q

innate reinforcing quality

A

primary reinforcer

184
Q

water food shelter touch are all what

A

primary reinforcers

185
Q

no inherent value, only desired when linked with a primary reinfocer

A

secondary reinforcers

186
Q

examples of secondary reinforcers

A

praise, money, token

187
Q

delivered at a predictive time interval

A

fixed interval

188
Q

delivered at unpredictable time intervals

A

variable interval

189
Q

delivered after a predictable number of responses

A

fixed ratio

190
Q

farm worker paid for each potato

A

fixed ratio

191
Q

delivered after an unpredicted number of responese

A

variable ratio

192
Q

example of variable ratio

A

gambling

193
Q

rats who freely explored were able to find their way thru the maze as quick as other group , what experiment and who

A

Tolman’s experiment

194
Q

mental picture of an area

A

cognitive map

195
Q

learning that occurs but isn’t observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it

A

latent learning

196
Q

learning by watching the behavior of another person

A

obervational learning

197
Q

who discovered observational learning

A

Albert bandera

198
Q

four elements of learning needed

A

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

199
Q

when a model is reinforced for their behavior

A

vicarious reinforcemnet

200
Q

when a model is punished for their behavior

A

vicarious punishment

201
Q

process of observational learning

A

see a new response form a model, choose whether or not to imitate model, generalize the rule

Psych 101 (8 decks)

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