Exam 2 Flashcards
awarebessof both external and int stimuli such as feelings of hunger and pain
consciousness
high levels of sensory awareness, thought, behavior
wakefulness
low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness
sleep
int cycle of biological activity increases
biological rythems
fluctuation of body temp, individual menstrual cycle, level of alertness are all what
biological rythems
biological rhythm
biological rhythm occurs over approx 24 hours
what is circadian rhythm generated by
suprachaismatic nucleaus
what controls homeostasis
hypothalamus
what releases melatonin
pineal gland
sleep wake cycle regulated by what
melatonin
symptoms resulting from mismatch btw our int circadian rhythm and enviroment
jet lag
work schedule that changes from early to late on a weekly basis
rotating shift work
sleep deprived individual tend to take a shorter time to fall asleep
sleep rebound
result of insufficient sleep on chronic basis
sleep debt
sleep associated hormones
melatonin, follicle stim, lutenizing, growth hormone
two hypothesis of sleep
sleep is essential to restore resources expended during the day, sleep is adaptive response to predators roaming at night
focuses on sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation
cognitive function theories
relatively low freq, high amplitude, synchronized
alpha
barely dozed off, what brain wave
alpha
low freq, moderately low amplitude
theta
light sleep, what brainwave
theta
low freq, high amplitude, desynchronized
delta
deep sleep, what brainwave
delta
transit phase occurring between wakefulness and sleep, rate of respiration and HB slow down, what stage
stage 1
body goes into deep relaxation, characterized by appearance of sleep spindles and k complex
stage 2
tight waves have what
high freq
k complexes have what
high amplitude
slow wave; respiration and HR slow down further
stage 3
slow wave indicates what
deep sleep
paralysis of voluntary muscles
REM sleep
brainwaves in REM sleep look similar to what
those seen during wakefulness
more REM sleep on average
REM rebound
saw dreams as a way of gaining access to uncoscious
SIGmond Frued
actual content of dream is called..
mainfest content
hidden meaning of the dream is called what
latent content
believed that certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes regardless of culture or location
carl jung
believed dream allowed us to tap into collective unconsciousness
Carl Jung
dreams represent life events that are important to the dreamer who said this
Cartwright and hobson
dreaming may represent a state of a virtual reality , who thought this
Cartwright and hobson,
certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dreaming state
lucid dreams
diffuculty falling or staying asleep, for at least 3 nights a week for 1 month
insomnia
treatments for insomnia
stress management tech changes in problematic behavior, cognitive behavioral therapy
sleep walking and REM sleep behavior disorder
parasomnias
during what wave does sleepwalking usually occur
slow
occurs when muscle paralysis associated with REM doesn’t occur
REM sleep behavior disorder
uncomfortable sensation in legs when falling asleep
restless leg syndrome
sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape
night terrors
occurs when individuals stop breathing in their sleep usually for 10-20 seconds or longer
sleep apnea
2 types of sleep apnea
obstructive and central
airway becomes blocked air can’t enter
obstructive sleep apnea
CNS fails to initiate breaths
central sleep apnea
occurs when infant stops breathing in sleep and dies
sudden infant death syndrome
which infants are at highest risk for SIDs
infants younger than 12 months
involves and irresistible urge to fall asleep during waking hours
narcolepsy
loss of muscle tone
cataplexy
vivid dream like hallucinations
hypogenic hallucinations
compulsive pattern of drug use despite negative consequences
substance use disorder
involves changes in normal bodily functions and withdrawal upon stopping use
physiological dependance
emotional need for the drug
psychological dependance
person requires more and more of subs to get same effect
tolerance
neg symptoms exp when drug use is discontinued
withdrawl
drugs that suppress CNS,
depressantsin
include alcohol, barbituants, benzodiazepines
depressants
increase neural activity
stimulants
include coke, amphetamine, MDMA
stimulants
increases levels of alertness and arousal
caffiene
common in tobacco prod like cig, chewing tobacco, ecigs
nicotine
interacts with acetylcholine receptors
nicotine
serve as analgesics thru their effects on the endogenous opiod neurotransmitter system
opiods
opiates occur…
naturally
opioids are…
synthetic
causes changes in sensory or perceptual experinces
hallucinogens
ext focus on the self that involves suggested changes of behavior and experince
hypnosis
act of being fully aware of the present moment which can be achieved thru focusing on a single target
mediation
sensory info detecte dby sensory receptor
sensation
conversion of sensory stem energy into action potentials
transduction
min amount of a stim needed for us to notice it 50% of the time
absolute threshold
min amount of charge in stim needed to detect a diff (noticeable difference)
difference threshold
steps of stimulus to brain
stimulus -> sensory -> neural impulses -> brain
basic sensory features analyzed and recombined
bottom up procesing
perception influenced by knowledge, experience, expectation and motivations
top down processing
a form or pattern
gestalt
whole can be more than the sum of its parts
gestalt
ability to discrimination among difference figures or shapes
pattern perception
what we see is a reflection of what we expect to see
perceptual hypothesis
way we consciously experience something
perception
not perceiving stimuli that have been relatively constant over a period of time
sensory adaptation
influences what stim we adapt to
attention
influence what we attend to
motivation
failure to notice something visible due to attend something else
inattention blindness
identifying specific stim even in distracting background
signal detection theory
distance from center line to crest or trough
amplitude
distance from 1 peak to the next
wavelength
of waves that go by in a given period of time
frequency
associated with color
wavelength
associated with intensity
amplitide
higher amplitude means
higher intensity
associated with loudness
decibals
associated with sound wave freqinecy
pitch
a sounds purity
timbre
curved transparent protective layer where light first enters eye
cornea
colored ring of muscle
iris
opening in middle of the iris
pupil
size of pupil depends on what
amount of light in environment and or arousla state
bends the light rays so they can be properly focuses on retina
lens
light is converted to electrical impulses for transmission tp brain
retina
photochemical rxn, occurs when light hits photoreceptors in retina
photoactivation
a small indentation in back of retina packed with photoreceptors
fovea
dim light, not great color sensors
rods
used in bright light, color reception fine detail, found near fovea
cones
where does optic nerve meet at
optic chaism
left visual field corresponds to what part of brain
right side of brain
optic nerve goes to …
primary visual cortex (occipital lobe)
object recognition, identification, what pathway
what pathway
location of object in space, how it can be interacted with, what pathway
where/how
s cones correspond to what color in trichromy theory
blue
m cones correspond to what color
green
l cones correspond to what color
red
opponent process theory of color
after images are opposite
cues to establish our sense of depth w/ two eyes
binocular cues
different retinal images received by each eye
bin disparity
cues to establish sense of depth with one eye
monocular cues
percieving depth due to convergence of the parallel lines
linear perspective
pima
outer ear
tympanic membrane
eardrum
ossicles
middle ear
middle ear includes whatq
malleus, incus, stirrup
inner ear includes what
cochlea, semicircular canals, basilar membrane
snail part
coclea
small hairs attach here
basilar membrane
we detect pitch via the frequency that the neuron fires
temporal theory
different portions of the basilar membrane fire depending on sound waves frequency
place theory
base of basilar membrane is for what
high frequency
tip of basilar membrane is for
low frequency
each pinna interacts wit sound waves different to pinpoint source of sound
monaural cues
sounds closer to one ear are perceived more loudly than opposite ear
intramural level difference
sound closer to one ear perceived more quickly that opposite ear
intramural timing differnce
partial or complete inability to hear
deafness
inability to deliver sound to cochlea
conductive hearing loss
born without hearing
congenital hearing
failure to transmit neural signal form cochlea to the brain
sensorineural hearing loss
6 basic groups of taste
sweet salty sour bitter umami fatty
life cycle of taste cells
10-14 days
taste chemical info transacted to what
gustatory complex
odor molecules interact with chemical receptor
olfactory receptor cells
tip of frontal love where olfactory nerves begin
olfactory bulb
chemical messages sent by some species
pheromones
pressure and low freq vibrations
meissners corpuscle
transient pressure and high freq vibration
pacinian corpuscle
light pressure
merkles disk
detect stretch
Ruffini corpuscle
signals potential harm and or pain
nociiception
signals tissue damage
inflammatory pain
neuropathic pain
pain from damage to neurons in PNS or CNS
more genetic disorder where one cannot feel pain
congenital alagesia
ability to maintain balance and body posture
vestibular sense
perception of body position
proprioception
perception of body moving thru space
kinesthesia
motor or neural rxns to specify stimulus in environment
reflexes
innate behaviors that are triggered by a broad range of events
instincts
more complex than reflexes
instincts
relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
learning
type of learning in which a neutral stim comes to elicit a respond after being paired with stimulius that naturally brings about that response
classical conditioning
stim that naturally brings about a response without being learned
unconditioned stimular
response to UCS that is natural
unconditioned response
once neutral stim that has been paired w an UCS to bring about response caused only by UCS
conditioned stim
response to CS that after condition follows prev neutral stim
conditioned response
establish conditioned stim paired w new neutral stim so that eventually new stim elicits conditioned response w/o initial conditioned stim being presented
higher order conditioning
flavors associated with certain foods/drinks can be associated with unpleasant symptoms
taste oversion conditoning
cues assoc with emotional trauma
fear condition and phoias
initial pd of learning when an organism learns to connect neutral stim and UCS
acquisiiton
decrease in conditioned response when ECS is no longer presented w CS
extinction
return of prev existing conditioned response following rest pd
spontaneous recovery
when organism learns to respond differently to various stim that are similar
stim discrimination
organism demonstrates conditioned response to stim that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
stimulus generalization
classical conditioning can lead to..
habituation
used principles of classical condition in study of human emotion
John b watson
who did little albert study
John b watson
learning to associate btw behavior and resulting events
operant conditioning
what provides cues for whether or not behavior will result in particular outcomes in operant conditioning
aspects of enviroment
behaviors followed by pleasant or rewarding consequences are more likely to be repeated
thorndikes law of effect
successive rewarding of approximation of desired behavior
shaping
innate reinforcing quality
primary reinforcer
water food shelter touch are all what
primary reinforcers
no inherent value, only desired when linked with a primary reinfocer
secondary reinforcers
examples of secondary reinforcers
praise, money, token
delivered at a predictive time interval
fixed interval
delivered at unpredictable time intervals
variable interval
delivered after a predictable number of responses
fixed ratio
farm worker paid for each potato
fixed ratio
delivered after an unpredicted number of responese
variable ratio
example of variable ratio
gambling
rats who freely explored were able to find their way thru the maze as quick as other group , what experiment and who
Tolman’s experiment
mental picture of an area
cognitive map
learning that occurs but isn’t observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it
latent learning
learning by watching the behavior of another person
obervational learning
who discovered observational learning
Albert bandera
four elements of learning needed
attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
when a model is reinforced for their behavior
vicarious reinforcemnet
when a model is punished for their behavior
vicarious punishment
process of observational learning
see a new response form a model, choose whether or not to imitate model, generalize the rule
