Exam 1 Flashcards
biological psychologists study of structure and func of nervous sys generated behavior`
contemporary psych
sensory/motor system, sleep, drug use, reproductive behavior, plasticity of nervous sys, what branch
contemporary psychology
focuses on both physiological aspects of sensory systems and the psychological exp of sensory info
sensation + perception
sensory info
sensation
experience of the world
perception
studies cognition and thoughts and their relationship to our exp and our actions
cognitive psych
research includes, attention, problem solving, language, memory, what branch
cognative
studies the physical and mental attributes of aging and maturation
developmental psychology
includes various skills acquired throughout growth
developmental psycho
moral reasoning, cognitive skills, social skills
developmental psychology
focuses on behaviors and thought pattern that are unique to each individual
personality psychology
studies in this field include conscious and unconscious thinking and identifying personal traits
personality psychology
OCEAN, means what
openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
how individual interact and relate w others and how such interactions can affect behavior
social psychology
research includes prejudice, attraction, interpersonal conflicts, obedience
social psycholgy
focuses on how individual health is directly related or affected by biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences
health psychology
the biopsychologicla model suggests that health/illness is determined by…
an interaction
focus on diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and problematic patterns of behavior
clinical psychology
principle theories in office type setting
industrial org psych
winning mentality falls into what branch of psycoh
sports and exercise
justice system is what branch of psych
forensic
based on things we can see
scientific research - empirical
predicted based on general premise
deductive reasoning
all living things require energy to survive, example of what
deductive reasoning
conclusions drawn from observation
inductive reasoning
first step of scientific method
scientists form ideas thru deductive reasoning
second step of sci method
hypothetically tested thru empirical observation, scientists form conclusions
third step of sci method
these conclusions lead to new theories and hypoth
well dev set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena
theory
tentative and testable statement about relationship btw 2 or more variables
hypothesis
clinical or case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys, archival research, longitudinal and cross sectional studies
approaches to research
focus on 1 individual or small group
clinical or case studies
allows for a lot of insight into a case
clinical or case studies
is it easy or difficult to generalize results to larger pop with clinical or case studies
difficult
observation of behavior in natural setting
naturalistic observation
when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations
observer bias
list of questions that can be delivered in many ways
surveys
can be used to gather large amount of data from a larger population
surveys
uses past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships
archival research
researcher never directly interacts w participants
archival research
compares multiple segments of a pop @ a single time point
Cross sectional research
example of cross sectional research
age groups
studies in which same group of individuals is surveyed or measured rep over extended period of time
longitudinal
reduction in # of research participation over time
attrition
relationship btw two or more variables
correlation
indicating strength and direction of relation btw variables
correlation coefficient
changes in one variable causes change in another
cause and effect
unanticipated outside factor that affects both sides of interest
confounding variable
illusory correlations
seeing relationship btw when no such examples exist
tendency to ignore certain evidence
confirmation bias
only way to establish cause and effect is….
scientific evidence
description of what actions and operations will be used to measure dependent variables
operational description
exp where researcher knows which participants are in which group, but participant does not
single blind
both researchers and part are blind to group assignment
double blind
article read by several other sci they provide feedback
peer reviewed journal article
consistency and reproducibility of given result
reliabilty
measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify particular events
inter-rater reliability
accuracy of a given result in measuring
validity
must adhere to strict guidelines, informed consent
research involving human participants
process of informing a research participant about what to expect
informed consent
purposely misleading participants to maintain integrity of experiment
deception
when involving deception, participants told the complete and truthful info about experiment
debriefing
example of not debriefing (what case)
Tuskegee Syphillis study
how much of psychological research involves animals, rodents or birds
90%
why do animals make good test subjects
many of the same basic functions as humans
provide scaffolding on which neurons are built
glial cells
system of neurons and glial cells support each other in order to facilitate variety of important aspects
nervous system
neurons connect…
info processors
cluster of fibers, receives info, finger like
dendrites
contains nucleus, in the middle
cell body (soma)
part of neuron carries message destined for other neurons
axon
protected coat of fat and protein around axon
myelin sheath
gap btw neurons is called what
synapse
what of the sending neuron meets with dendrites of receiving at synapse
axon
what of the receiving neuron meets with axon at synapse
dendrite
what is voltage of neuron at rest
-70 mV
difference in charge btw cytoplasm and ex cell fluid
membrane potential
threshold of excitement is what
-50 mV
chemical communication btw two neurons involves what
neurotrasnmitters
what releases neurotransmitter
pre synaptic neuron
in what fashion do neurotransmitters bind
lock and key fashion
chemical subs that are released at the end of a neuron which facilitate a variety of behaviors and mood states
neurotransmitter
imbalances in neurotransmitters is associated with what
psychiatric disorders
what are the two ways psychoactive drugs can act
agonist or antagonist
chemical mimics neurotransmitter
agonist
blocks and impedes normal acitivy
antagonist
impede reuptake of a given neurotransmitter back into neuron from which it is released
reuptake inhibitor
involved in muscle action, memory, increased arousla, enhanced cognition
acetylcholine
involved in pain, pleasure, decreased anxiety, decreased tension
beta-endorphin
involved in mood, sleep, learning, increased pleasure, suppressed appetite
dopamine
involved in brain function, sleep, decreased anxiety, decreased tension
Gamma aminobutyric acids
involved in memory, learning, increased learning, enhanced memory
glutamate
involved in heart, intestines, alertness, increased arousal, suppressed appetitie
norepinephrin
involved in mood, sleep, modulated mood, suppressed appetite
serotonin
two branches of NS
peripheral and central
two parts of peripheral NS
somatic and autonomic
what’s included in CNS
brain and spinal cord
intentional choice function
somatic
what’s included in somatic
cranial and spinal nerves that leave bone
parasympathetic and sympathetic are included in what
autonomic NS
autonomic includes what
parasympathetic and sympathetic
relaxing falls under which part of autonomic
parasympathetic
scared, trying to run away would fall under what part of autonomic
sympathetic
encased in bone
CNS
routes messages to and from brain
spinal cord
can initiate autonomic movements
spinal cord
how the NS can change and adapt
neuroplasticity
can neurons change locations to help damaged area?
yes
when are neurons most plastic
when were young
surface of brain
cerebral cortex
peak of brain
gyri
valley of brain
sulki
divides brain into two hemispheres
longitudinal fission
are the right and left sides of brain symmetric
no
forms associations in memory, selective attention, positive emotion
left hemisphere of brain
thick fibers that connect the two hemispheres
corpus callosum
what makes up forebrain
two hemispheres of cerebral cortex
how many lobes in each hemisphere
4
what are the lobes
frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
functions include exec func, motor control, emotion
frontal love
top, rear of cerebral cortex
parietal
involved in processing various sensory and percept info
partial lobe
by ears, which lobe
temporal
hearing, memory, emotion, some aspects of language
temporal
at bottom and black of cerebral cortex
occipital
visual processing, which lobe
occipital
moving parts, which cortex
motor cortex
sensation/feeling, which cortex
sensory cortex
where is brocas area located
frontal
responsible for speech formation
brocas area
where is wernickes area at
temporal lobe
speech understanding
wernickes area
system responsible for emotion and memory
limbic system
parts of limbic system
amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus
arousal and emotion
amygdala
formation of memories
hippocampus
relay station for senses
thalamus
regulation of hormones
hypothalamus
substantia nigra and ventral segmented area are part of what
midbrain
produce dopamine
midbrain
mood reward addiction all involved in this part of brain
midbrain
degeneration of midbrain is associated with what
Parkinsons
sleep wake cycle involved with this
reticular formation
what is included in hindbrain
pons, medulla, cerebellum
connect hindbrain to rest of brain
pons
automatic processes of autonomic NS
medulla
breathing, heart rate are done by…
medulla
balence, coordination, motor skills, procedural memory
cerebellum
involves number of X-rays of brain or body
CT scan
CT scan name
computerized topography scan
different tissue densities allow for overall image to be constructed
CT scan
studies brain via injected radioactive sugar
PET
what does PET stand for
positron emission topography
can be used with a CT to get a clear view of structure and activity
PET
magnetic fields used to produce a picture of tissue being measured
MRI
show metabolic activity overtime
functional MRI (fMRI
involves recording electrical activity of brain via electrodes on scalp
electroencephotography EEG
using cups w electrodes, modern EEG research can study precise timing of overall brain activity by….
tracking amplitude and freq of brain waves
