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Pharmacology > Exam 1 Review > Flashcards

Exam 1 Review Flashcards

1
Q

five components of the nursing process

A
  1. assessment
  2. nursing diagnosis
  3. planning
  4. implementation
  5. evaluation
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2
Q

rights related to safe medication

A

right patient
right drug
right dose
right form/route
right time
right indication
right documentation
right response
right to refuse

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3
Q

pharmaceutics

A

preparing and dispensing drugs

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4
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion from the body

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5
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

effects of drug on the body

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6
Q

four aspects of pharmacokinetics

A

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

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7
Q

difference between OTC, herbals, and dietary supplements

A

OTC - drugs that you can get w/o rx

herbals - products made from herbs

dietary supplements - product to supplement diet

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8
Q

methods of medication administration

A

eneteral, parenteral, and topical

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9
Q

compliance

A

implementation or fulfillment of prescriber’s prescribed course of treatment or therapeutic plan

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10
Q

medication error

A

any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a pt or health care professional; may or may not cause pt harm

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11
Q

noncompliance

A

informed decision on the part of the pt to not adhere to or follow a therapeutic plan or suggestion

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12
Q

nursing process outcomes

A

objective, realistic, and measurable pt centered statements with time frames

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13
Q

agonist

A

drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body

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14
Q

antagonist

A

binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body

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15
Q

chemical name

A

chemical composition of the drug

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16
Q

contraindication

A

any condition which renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable

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17
Q

drug classification

A

method of grouping drugs

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18
Q

generic vs trade name

A

generic is the nonproprietary name and trade is the proprietary name

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19
Q

medication error

A

preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a pt or healthcare professional

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20
Q

peak level

A

max concentration of drug in the body after administration

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21
Q

receptor

A

molecular substance on the cell that bind specific substances

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22
Q

therapeutic drug monitoring

A

monitoring drug levels to identify pt’s drug exposure and to allow dosage adjustments for maximum therapeutic effects

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23
Q

trough level

A

lowest concentration of a drug in the body after its peak

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24
Q

neonate classification (age range)

A

younger than 1 month of age

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25
older adult classification (age range)
65+
26
pediatric classification (age range)
children 12 and under
27
black box warning
warning required by FDA to alert prescribers of serious adverse events seen with a given drug
28
controlled substance (categories)
C-I through C-V
29
Ethics
rules of conduct
30
HIPAA
protects health insurance coverage for workers, protects confidential pt information
31
Informed consent
written permission obtained from a pt consenting to a specific procedure
32
Narcotics
medically administered controlled substance (opioid)
33
OTC
drugs available to consumers w/o a prescription
34
Placebo
inactive substance that is not a drug but resembles one for research purposes
35
Adverse drug event
undesirable occurrence related to administration of or failure to administer a prescribed medication
36
Adverse drug reaction
unexpected, unintended, or excessive responses to medications given at therapeutic dosages
37
Idiosyncratic reaction
abnormal or unexpected response to a medication that is not an allergic reaction and is peculiar to an individual pt
38
Medical errors
any errors in pt care that cause or have the potential to cause harm
39
Medication errors
preventable adverse drug event
40
Medication reconciliation
procedure to maintain an accurate and up-to-date list of medications for all patients between all phases of health care discovery
41
Affective domain
learning that modifies feelings, beliefs, values, and opinions; feeling domain
42
Cognitive domain
learning and storing of basic knowledge; thinking domain
43
Psychomotor domain
learning of a new procedure or sill; the doing domain
44
Complementary medicine
alternative medicine when used simultaneously w/ western medicine
45
Dietary supplement
product that contains an ingredient intended to supplement the diet
46
Herbal medicine
using herbs to heal
47
Herb
plant components like bark, roots, leaves, etc.
48
enteral
oral medications and suppositories
49
paraenteral
injectables; any administration other than GI
50
diseases and conditions that decrease metabolism
cardiovascular dysfunction, renal insufficiency, starvation, obstructive jaundice, and slow acetylator
51
conditions that increase metabolism
fast acetylator
52
drugs that increase metabolism
barbiturates, rifampin and phenytoin (P-450 inducers)
53
drugs that decrease metabolism
ketoconazole (P-450 inhibitor)
54
effect of eating leafy green vegetables
decreased anticoagulant effect from warfarin
55
effect of eating dairy
chemical binding of the drug leading to decreased effect and treatment failures tetracycline, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin (antibiotics)
56
effect of grapefruit juice
decreased metabolism leading to increased effects amiodarone (antidysrhythmic), bus-irons (anti anxiety), carbamazepine (anti seizure), cyclosporine, tacrolimus (immunosuppressants), felodipine, nifedipine, nimodipin (calcium channel blockers), simvastatin, and atorvastatin (anti cholesterol drugs)
57
effects of aged cheese & wine
induces hypertensive crisis / monoamine oxidase inhibitors
58
premature infant
younger than 38 weeks of gestation
59
infant
1 month to 1 years old
60
Category A drug
studies indicate no risk to human fetus
61
Category B drug
studies indicate no risk to ANIMAL fetus
62
Category C drug
adverse effects reported in ANIMAL fetus
63
Category D drug
possible human fetus risk has been reported but potential benefit may warrant use in pregnant women
64
Category X drug
confirmed fetal risk & not to be used in pregnant women
65
Absorption differences in neonate & pediatric patients
-lower gastric pH until 1-2 years of age -slowed gastric emptying b/c of slow or irregular peristalsis -first-pass elimination is reduced b/c of immature liver and reduced microsomal enzymes -intramuscular absorption is faster and irregular
66
Distribution differences in neonate & pediatric patiens
-higher body water content 70-80% in full-term infants, 85% in preme's, and 64% in children 1-12 -lower fat content b/c higher water content -decreased protein binding b/c of immature liver (less protein production) -immature blood-brain barrier increases brain absorption
67
Metabolism differences in neonate & pediatric patiens
-decreased microsomal enzymes b/c immature liver -older children may have increased metabolism and require higher dosages
68
Excretion differences in neonate & pediatric patiens
-kidney immaturity causes glomerular filtration rate and tubular secretion and resorption decreased -perfusion to kidney may be decreased, resulting in reduced renal function, concentrating ability, and excretion of drugs
69
physiologic changes in adult patients (cardiovascular)
lower cardiac output = lower absorption and distribution lower blood flow = lower absorption and distribution
70
physiologic changes in adult patients (GI)
increased pH = altered absorption decreased peristalsis = delayed gastric emptying
71
physiologic changes in adult patients (hepatic/liver)
lower enzyme production = lower metabolism lower blood flow = lowered metabolism
72
physiologic changes in adult patients (renal/kidney)
lower blood flow = lower excretion lower function = lower excretion lower glomerular filtration rate = lower excretion
73
pediatric dosage considerations for calculations
body surface area measured, always use weight in kilograms, always use cm not inches, use mg/kg for dosage calculations
74
BBW Class I
most serious recall when a product can cause serious adverse effects or death
75
BBW Class II
less severe recall that may result in temporary or medically reversible health effects
76
BBW Class III
least severe recall not likely to cause significant health problems
77
American Nurse Association
institutional policies and procedures; state and federal hospital licensing
78
Nursing ethics
autonomy, beneficence, confidentiality, justice, nonmaleficence, and veracity
79
autonomy
ability to act on one's own; promoting pt's decision making and supporting informed consent
80
beneficence
actively promoting good; nursing actions that determine how a pt is best served
81
justice
being fair or equal in one's actions; nursing actions that ensure fairness in distributing resources for the care of patients and determining when to treat
82
nonmaleficence
do no harm
83
veracity
duty to tell the truth (placebos, investigational new drugs, and informed consent)
84
elements of liability in nursing
duty, breach of duty, causation, damage
85
duty
nurse is responsible for assessment, monitoring, and reporting of pt's condition
86
breach of duty
nurse fails to follow their duty
87
causation
nurse fails to notice adverse effects that lead to pt harm
88
damage
the damage that results from a nurses breach of duty
89
C-I
high abuse potential, no medical use, and severe dependance, only dispensed with approved protocol heroin, LSD, acid, etc.
90
C-II
high abuse potential, accepted medical use, severe dependency potential only written rx & no refills, label warning codeine, pentobarbital, morphine, cocaine, and stimulants
91
C-III
less abuse potential than II, accepted medical use, moderate dependance potential written or oral rx, expires in 6 mo. w/ no more than 5 refills, label warning C-II painkillers combined w other products
92
C-IV
less abuse potential than C-III, accepted medical use, limited dependance potential same dispensing restrictions as C-III phenobarbital, benzodiazepines, tramadol, etc.
93
C-V
less than C-IV, accepted medical use, limited dependance potential written rx or otc meds for cough, diarrhea, certain opioids, etc.
94
drugs commonly involved in severe medication errors
CNS drugs, anticoagulants, insulin, and chemotherapeutic drugs
95
errors can occur during...
any step of medication process procuring, prescribing, transcribing, dispensing, administering, and monitoring
96
when a nurse is administering a drug, they must...
always check the medication order 3 times before giving the drug
97
how to handle verbal or telephone rx order?
repeat order to prescriber, spell drug name around, speak slowly and clearly, and list indication next to each order
98

Pharmacology (20 decks)

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