Chapter 2 Flashcards
Additive effects
the combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone
1+1=2
Adverse drug event
any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a rx medication
Adverse drug reaction
any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages
Adverse effects
general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs
Agonist
a drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body
Antagonist (inhibitor)
a drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors
Bioavailability
a measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (0% to 100%)
Biotransformation
one or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug; occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either active or inactive
Cytochrome P-450
general name for a large class of drugs that plays a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions
Dissolution
solid forms disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation
Drug actions
the processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells
Drug-induced teratogenesis
development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effect of drugs
Drug interaction
alteration in the pharmacologic or pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; usually related to the effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs
Duration of action
length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response
Enzymes
Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions
First-pass effect
the initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the GI tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency
a hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certain drugs
Idiosyncratic reaction
an abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient
Intraarterial
within an artery
Intraarticular
within a joint
Intrathecal
within a sheath (an intrathecal injection into the subarachnoid space)
Medication use process
the prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects
Metabolite
a chemical form of a drug that is product of one or more biochemical (metallic) reactions involving the parent drug; can be active or inactive
Active metabolite
those that have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if their parent drug is inactive
Inactive metabolite
lack pharmacologic activity and are simply drug waste products awaiting excretion from the body
Onset of action
the time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing
P-glycoprotein
a transporter protein that moves drugs out of cells and into the gut, urine, or bile
Parent drugs (prodrug)
the chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body into its active or inactive metabolites; it is not pharmacologically active itself
Peak effect
the time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body
Peak level
max concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually monitors in blood sample for therapeutic monitoring
Pharmaceutics
the science of preparing and dispensing drugs
Pharmacodynamics
the study of biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs on the body
Pharmacognosy
study of drugs obtained from natural plant and animal sources
Pharmacokinetics
the study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body
Prodrug
inactive dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body
Prototypical drug (key drugs)
first form of a drug
Steady state
the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose
Substrates
substance on which an enzyme reacts
Synergistic effects
drug interaction in which the effect of a combo of drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone
1+1 = >2
Therapeutic index
ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentration of a drug
Toxicity
condition of producing adverse bodily effects because of a poisonous quality
Trade name
commercial name given to a drug product
Trough level
lowest concentration of a drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level
List the phases of drug activity
I. Pharmaceutical phase
Drug absorption of various oral preparations from fastest to slowest
Oral disintegration
Liquids/syrups
Suspension solutions
Powders
Capsules
Tablets
Coated tablets
Enteric-coated tablets
Enteral dosage form
Absorbed in the GI tract
Paraenteral dosage form
Injections
Topical
Ointment, aerosol, suppository
What drug routes have first-pass effects?
Hepatic arterial, oral, portal venous, and rectal
