Chapter 2

Question 1

Additive effects

Answer 1

the combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone

1+1=2

Question 2

Adverse drug event

Answer 2

any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a rx medication

Question 3

Adverse drug reaction

Answer 3

any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages

Question 4

Adverse effects

Answer 4

general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs

Question 5

Agonist

Answer 5

a drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body

Question 6

Antagonist (inhibitor)

Answer 6

a drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors

Question 7

Bioavailability

Answer 7

a measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (0% to 100%)

Question 8

Biotransformation

Answer 8

one or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug; occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either active or inactive

Question 9

Cytochrome P-450

Answer 9

general name for a large class of drugs that plays a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions

Question 10

Dissolution

Answer 10

solid forms disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation

Question 11

Drug actions

Answer 11

the processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells

Question 12

Drug-induced teratogenesis

Answer 12

development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effect of drugs

Question 13

Drug interaction

Answer 13

alteration in the pharmacologic or pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; usually related to the effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs

Question 14

Duration of action

Answer 14

length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response

Question 15

Enzymes

Answer 15

Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions

Question 16

First-pass effect

Answer 16

the initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the GI tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation

Question 17

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

Answer 17

a hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certain drugs

Question 18

Idiosyncratic reaction

Answer 18

an abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient

Question 19

Intraarterial

Answer 19

within an artery

Question 20

Intraarticular

Answer 20

within a joint

Question 21

Intrathecal

Answer 21

within a sheath (an intrathecal injection into the subarachnoid space)

Question 22

Medication use process

Answer 22

the prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects

Question 23

Metabolite

Answer 23

a chemical form of a drug that is product of one or more biochemical (metallic) reactions involving the parent drug; can be active or inactive

Question 24

Active metabolite

Answer 24

those that have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if their parent drug is inactive

Question 25

Inactive metabolite

Answer 25

lack pharmacologic activity and are simply drug waste products awaiting excretion from the body

Question 26

Onset of action

Answer 26

the time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing

Question 27

P-glycoprotein

Answer 27

a transporter protein that moves drugs out of cells and into the gut, urine, or bile

Question 28

Parent drugs (prodrug)

Answer 28

the chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body into its active or inactive metabolites; it is not pharmacologically active itself

Question 29

Peak effect

Answer 29

the time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body

Question 30

Peak level

Answer 30

max concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually monitors in blood sample for therapeutic monitoring

Question 31

Pharmaceutics

Answer 31

the science of preparing and dispensing drugs

Question 32

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 32

the study of biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs on the body

Question 33

Pharmacognosy

Answer 33

study of drugs obtained from natural plant and animal sources

Question 34

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 34

the study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body

Question 35

Prodrug

Answer 35

inactive dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body

Question 36

Prototypical drug (key drugs)

Answer 36

first form of a drug

Question 37

Steady state

Answer 37

the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

Question 38

Substrates

Answer 38

substance on which an enzyme reacts

Question 39

Synergistic effects

Answer 39

drug interaction in which the effect of a combo of drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone 1+1 = >2

Question 40

Therapeutic index

Answer 40

ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentration of a drug

Question 41

Toxicity

Answer 41

condition of producing adverse bodily effects because of a poisonous quality

Question 42

Trade name

Answer 42

commercial name given to a drug product

Question 43

Trough level

Answer 43

lowest concentration of a drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level

Question 44

List the phases of drug activity

Answer 44

I. Pharmaceutical phase

Question 45

Drug absorption of various oral preparations from fastest to slowest

Answer 45

Oral disintegration Liquids/syrups Suspension solutions Powders Capsules Tablets Coated tablets Enteric-coated tablets

Question 46

Enteral dosage form

Answer 46

Absorbed in the GI tract

Question 47

Paraenteral dosage form

Answer 47

Injections

Question 48

Topical

Answer 48

Ointment, aerosol, suppository

Question 49

What drug routes have first-pass effects?

Answer 49

Hepatic arterial, oral, portal venous, and rectal