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Pharmacology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Additive effects

A

the combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone

1+1=2

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2
Q

Adverse drug event

A

any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a rx medication

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3
Q

Adverse drug reaction

A

any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages

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4
Q

Adverse effects

A

general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs

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5
Q

Agonist

A

a drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body

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6
Q

Antagonist (inhibitor)

A

a drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors

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7
Q

Bioavailability

A

a measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (0% to 100%)

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8
Q

Biotransformation

A

one or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug; occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either active or inactive

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9
Q

Cytochrome P-450

A

general name for a large class of drugs that plays a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions

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10
Q

Dissolution

A

solid forms disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation

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11
Q

Drug actions

A

the processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells

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12
Q

Drug-induced teratogenesis

A

development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effect of drugs

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13
Q

Drug interaction

A

alteration in the pharmacologic or pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; usually related to the effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs

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14
Q

Duration of action

A

length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response

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15
Q

Enzymes

A

Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions

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16
Q

First-pass effect

A

the initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the GI tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation

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17
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

A

a hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certain drugs

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18
Q

Idiosyncratic reaction

A

an abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient

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19
Q

Intraarterial

A

within an artery

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20
Q

Intraarticular

A

within a joint

21
Q

Intrathecal

A

within a sheath (an intrathecal injection into the subarachnoid space)

22
Q

Medication use process

A

the prescribing, dispensing, and administering of medications, and the monitoring of their effects

23
Q

Metabolite

A

a chemical form of a drug that is product of one or more biochemical (metallic) reactions involving the parent drug; can be active or inactive

24
Q

Active metabolite

A

those that have pharmacologic activity of their own, even if their parent drug is inactive

25
Q

Inactive metabolite

A

lack pharmacologic activity and are simply drug waste products awaiting excretion from the body

26
Q

Onset of action

A

the time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing

27
Q

P-glycoprotein

A

a transporter protein that moves drugs out of cells and into the gut, urine, or bile

28
Q

Parent drugs (prodrug)

A

the chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body into its active or inactive metabolites; it is not pharmacologically active itself

29
Q

Peak effect

A

the time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body

30
Q

Peak level

A

max concentration of a drug in the body after administration, usually monitors in blood sample for therapeutic monitoring

31
Q

Pharmaceutics

A

the science of preparing and dispensing drugs

32
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

the study of biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs on the body

33
Q

Pharmacognosy

A

study of drugs obtained from natural plant and animal sources

34
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

the study of what happens to a drug from the time it is put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body

35
Q

Prodrug

A

inactive dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body

36
Q

Prototypical drug (key drugs)

A

first form of a drug

37
Q

Steady state

A

the physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

38
Q

Substrates

A

substance on which an enzyme reacts

39
Q

Synergistic effects

A

drug interaction in which the effect of a combo of drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone

1+1 = >2

40
Q

Therapeutic index

A

ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentration of a drug

41
Q

Toxicity

A

condition of producing adverse bodily effects because of a poisonous quality

42
Q

Trade name

A

commercial name given to a drug product

43
Q

Trough level

A

lowest concentration of a drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level

44
Q

List the phases of drug activity

A

I. Pharmaceutical phase

45
Q

Drug absorption of various oral preparations from fastest to slowest

A

Oral disintegration
Liquids/syrups
Suspension solutions
Powders
Capsules
Tablets
Coated tablets
Enteric-coated tablets

46
Q

Enteral dosage form

A

Absorbed in the GI tract

47
Q

Paraenteral dosage form

A

Injections

48
Q

Topical

A

Ointment, aerosol, suppository

49
Q

What drug routes have first-pass effects?

A

Hepatic arterial, oral, portal venous, and rectal

Pharmacology (20 decks)

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