Exam 1 - Chapter 24 Flashcards by Kevin Avelino

What is an infection?

A disease state that results from the presence of pathogens

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Six components of a infection cycle?

Infectious Agent
Reservoir
Portal Of Exit
Means of Transmission
Portals of Entry
susceptible Host

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Examples of infections caused by viruses?

Common cold, hep B and C, and AIDS

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What is the REservoir?

The growth and multiplication of microorganisms is the natural habitat of the organism

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What is the Portal of Exit?

The point of escape for the organism from the reservoir.

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Means of Transmission: Direct Contact

REquires close proximity between the susceptible host and an infected person or a carrier

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Means of Transmission: Indirect Contact

Contact with either a Vector or Fomite

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What is a vector?

A living creatre that transmits an infectious agent ot a human

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what is a fomite?

Inanimate objects that spread diseases, such as equipment or countertops

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What type of droplets are there to spread disease?

Droplet Transmission and Airborne Transmission

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Difference between Droplet TRansmission and Airborne Transmission?

Airborne particles are less than 5 mcm, while droplet particles are greater than 5 mcm

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Borrelia Burgdorferi - Reservoir

Ticks (Sheep, Cattle, Deer, Mice)

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Borrelia Burgdorferi - Meanss of Transmission

Contact (Indirect-Vectors)

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Borrelia Burgdorferi - Disease Transmitted

Lyme Disease

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What are the four stages of infection?

Incubation Period
Prodromal Stage
Full (Acute) Stage of Illness
Convalescent Period

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What is the Incubation Period?

Interval between the pathogens invasion of the body adn the appearance of symptoms of infection

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What is the Prodromal Stage?

A person is most infectious during the prodromal stage. EArly signs and symptoms are present

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What is Full Stage of Illness

Presence of specific signs and symptoms of disease

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What is the Convalescent period

recovery from the infection

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What two phases do the bodys response occur in?

Vascular and cellular phases

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What happens in the Vascular phase?

Small blood vessels constrict in the area, followed by vasodilation of arterioles and venules that supply the area

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What happens in the cellular phase?

WBCs move quickly into the area. Neutrophils engulf the organism and consume cell debris and forein material.

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What is released from a wound?

Exudate, which is composed of fluid, cells, adn inflammatory byproducts.

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The exudate may appear to be..

Clear (Serous), contain red blood cells (sanguineous) or contain pus (purlent)

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What is an antigen?

The foreign material

What is an antibody ?

The body commonly responds to the anitgen by producing this

The Antigen-Antibody response is also known as?

Humoral Immunity

What occurs in cell-mediated immunity?

This involves an increase in the number of lymphocytes (WBCs) that deestroy or react with cells the body recognizes as harmful

Normal value WBC (leukocyte) count?

5.000 to 10,000

Neutrophil normal percentage?

60-70%

Lymphocytes normal percentage?

20-40%

First step you take in nursing process for infection prevention and control?

Assessing

Second step you take in nursing process for infection prevention and control?

Diagnosing

What is asepsis?

The practice of all activites to prevent infection or break the chain of infection

What are the two aspesis categories?

Medical asepsis and surgical aspesis

What is medical aspesis?

clean technique that involves procedures and practices that reduce the number and trasnfer of pathogens. This includes hand hygiene and wearing gloves

What is surgical asepsis?

sterile technique , the practice used to render and keep objects and areas free from microorganisms

Five Moments for Hand Hygiene (1)

Before touching a patient

Five Moments for Hand Hygiene (2)

BEfore a clean or aseptic procedure

Five Moments for Hand Hygiene (3)

After a body fluid exposure risk

Five Moments for Hand Hygiene (4)

After touching a patient

Five Moments for Hand Hygiene (5)

After touching patient surrounds

What are the two types of bacterial flora that are normally found?

Transient bacteria and resident bacteria

How is transient bacteria removed?

By handwashing, and has the potential to adjust to the ski.

What happens if you have resident bacteria on the skin?

The hands then become carriers of that particular organism.

What is a Health Care-Associated Infection (HAIs)

This is used to specify an infecition that originates or takes place in a hospital

Infection is referred to as exogenous when

the causative organism is acquired from other peopple

An endogenous infection occurs when

the causative organism comes from microbial life harbored in the person

infection is referred to as iatrogenic when

it results from a treatment or a diagnostic procedure

what are the four nosocomial Infections?

Urinary Tract Infections Surgical Site Infections Blooddstream Infections Pneumonia

Staphylococcus Aureus is also named what?

S. Aureus is named MRSA

S. Aureus is resistant to?

Methicillin-Resistant

Staphylococcus Aureus is also named what?

VRSA

VRSA is resistant to?

Vancomycin

Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is resistant to?

Carbapenem

S Aureus is normally found where?

On the skin, nasal mucous membranes, and in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts

What does MRSA stand for?

Methicillin-Resistant Staph Aureus

Difference between VISA and VRSE

Vancomycin Intermediate-Resistant S. Aureus Vancomycin Resistant S. Aureus

Where is VRE found and how is it dangerous?

VRE is found in normal intestinal and genitourinary tracts and dcause HAIs wit h high mortality rate

What are CRE?

Carbapenum Resistant; associated with a 40-50% mortality rate

what does disinfection do

destroys all pathogenic oganisms eexcept spores

what does sterilization do?

Destroys all microorganisms; including spores

Transmission-Based Precaustions

Used in addition to standard precautions for patients in hospitals with suspected infection with pathogens that can be transmitted by airborne, droplet, or contact routes

What are the two tiers of precautions?

Standard Precautions and Transmission-Based Precautions

What are standard precautions?

Precautions used in the care of all hospitalized patients regardless of their diagnosis or possible infection status

What are the three types of transmission based precautions

airborne, droplet, contact

Immunocompromised patients are usually infected by

pathogens within their own body, rather than those transmitted by other individuals