Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the four basic tissues of the body?
A
epithelial, muscle, neural & connective tissues
2
Q
What is osteology?
A
the study of bone
3
Q
What are the 3 primary cell types of bone?
A
osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes
4
Q
What is the function of each type of bone cell?
A
osteoblast- form bone; osteocyte - maintain or nurture bone; osteoclast - remodel bone
5
Q
What are the bone cells embedded in?
A
an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals
6
Q
What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?
A
glycoamiglycans
7
Q
What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?
A
collagen type 1
8
Q
What is the primary constituents of the bone mineral?
A
calcium, phosphate, citrate and carbonate ions
9
Q
What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?
A
hydroxyapatite
10
Q
Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?
A
sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium and radium
11
Q
What is Wolff’s Law as it pertain to bone?
A
living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to stress
12
Q
What are the 3 responses of bone that allow it to be described as “living”?
A
it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and to age
13
Q
What is bone the embryological derivative of?
A
mesenchyme or cartilage
14
Q
What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?
A
intramembranous ossification
15
Q
What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?
A
from the second to third month in utero
16
Q
What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?
A
from the second to fifth month in utero
17
Q
What part of the skull is derived from endochrondral ossification?
A
chondrocranium
18
Q
Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?
A
the clavicle
19
Q
What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?
A
sexual dimorphism (gender variation), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation) idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)
20
Q
What is the name given to bone formed in non-bone location?
A
heterotopic bone
21
Q
What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?
A
accessory bone
22
Q
What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?
A
the bone develops within a tendon
23
Q
What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?
A
patella and pisiform
24
Q
What are examples of heterotopic bones?
A
calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and ligaments
25
What are examples of accessory bone?
para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae
26
What are the four basic feature categories of bone?
elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways and facets
27
When do the surface features of bone become prominent?
during and around puberty
28
What are the types of osseous linear elevation?
the line, ridge and crest
29
What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?
tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity and malleolus
30
What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?
spine and process
31
What are the categories of osseous depressions?
linear and rounded depressions
32
What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?
notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus
33
What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?
the fovea and fossa
34
What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?
ostium or orifice and hiatus
35
What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?
foramen or canal
36
What is the definition of an osseous foramen?
an ostium passing completely through a thin region of bone
37
What is the definition of an osseous canal?
an ostium passing completely through a thick region of bone
38
What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?
meatus
39
What is the definition of an osseous fissure?
an irregular slit-like or crack-like appearance between the surface of adjacent bones
40
What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?
articular heads and articular condyles
41
How many bones form the typical adult skeleton?
206 bones
42
What are the subdivisions of the skeleton?
the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
43
How many bones form the typical adult appendicular skeleton?
126 bones
44
How many bones form the typical adult axial skeleton?
80
45
What bones form the axial skeleton?
the skull, hyoid, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
46
What is the name given to the adult skull minus the mandible?
the cranium
47
what are the names given to the top of the adult skull?
the calvaria or calva
48
What are the categories of bone forming the typical adult skull?
the neurocranium, the facial skeleton (splanchocranium or visceral skeleton) and the auditory ossicles
49
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult skull?
28 bones
50
How many bones form the typical adult neurocranium?
8 bones
51
How many bones form the facial skeleton (splanchnocranium or visceral skeleton)?
14 bones
52
What is the name given to the presacral region of the typical adult vertebral column or spinal column?
the spine
53
What is the total number of bones forming the typical adult spine?
24 bones
54
How many bones are present in the typical adult sternum?
1 bone
55
What regions are present along the typical adult sternum?
the manubrium sterni, the corpus sterni and the xiphoid processs
56
how many ribs are present in the typical adult skeleton?
12 pairs or 24 ribs
57
What term is used to identify the study of ligaments?
syndesmology
58
What are the 3 histological classifications of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial fluid
59
The ligamentous sacro-iliac joints (or most of the ligamentous joints of the vertbral column) are examples of which joint classification?
syndesmosis
60
What are the characteristics of the (amphiarthrosis) synchondrosis?
they are primary cartilage joints, temporary in longevity, composed of hyaline cartilage and form between ossification centers within a cartilage template
61
What are examples of a permanent (amphuarthrosis) synchondrosis?
costochondral joints or the first sternochondral joint
62
What are the characteristics of a (amphiarthrosis) symphysis?
limited motion, median plane location, support ligaments both anterior and posterior to the joint, more permanent in longevity than synchondrosis and they occur between bones developing by endochondral ossification
63
Which example of a (ampliarthrosis) symphysis is temporary?
symphysis menti
64
What are the four consistent features of synovial (diarthrosis) joints?
articular or fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, articular cartilage and synovial fluid
65
What are the characteristics of the type 1 articular receptors?
located in the superficial layer of the fibrous capsule, resemble Ruffini endings, most numerous in cervical zygapophyses and they monitor the joint "at rest"
66
What are the characteristics of type 2 articular receptors?
located in deeper strata of the fibrous capsule, resemble Pacinian corpuscles, most numerous in the cervical spine and monitor the joint during normal range of motion
67
What are the characteristics of type 3 articular receptors?
present in collateral and intrinsic ligaments, resemble Golgi tendon organs, not initially observed along the vertebral column and monitor extreme joint motion
68
What is the function of type 4 articular receptors?
nociceptive, they monitor pain
69
Type IVb articular receptors would be present in what locations?
accessory ligaments in general, dense in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine
70
What are the modifications of articular synovial membrane?
(1) synovial villi, (2) articular pads or Haversian glands, (3) synovial menisci and intra-articular discs
71
Articular fat pads are most numerous in what location along the vertebral column
lumbar zygapophyses
72
Intra-articular discs are a feature of what joints example?
temporomandibular, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular and radio-ulnar joints
73
Synovial menisci are a feature of what joint examples?
femur-tibia articulation, cervical zygapophyses and lumbar zygaposhyses
74
What are the specific functions of type A synovial cells?
are phagocytic
75
What is the specific function of type B synovial cells?
secrete proteinaceous substances and hyaluronic acid
76
Which collagen fiber type predominates in articular cartilage?
type II
77
What is the primary function of bound glycoaminoglycans in articular cartilage?
form a network for water retention
78
What is implied when cartilage is said to have elastic properties?
cartilage can deform and returns to original volume rapidly, a time-independent property
79
What is implied when cartilage is said to have viscoelastic properties?
cartilage can deform but returns to original volume slowly, a time dependent property
80
which theory of joint lubrication implies a loss of fluid from the cartilage into the joint space during compression results in increased viscosity of the synovial fluid?
weeping theory
81
Which theory of joint lubrication implies water loss from the synovial fluid increases viscosity of the remaining synovial fluid?
boosted theory
82
Which theory of joint lubrication implies an adsorption of lubricant onto cartilage surfaces is responsible for the low-friction observed during movement?
boundary theory
83
What are the properties of synovial fluid?
it is yellow-white, viscous, slightly alkaline and taste salty
84
Which substance in synovial fluid was first thought to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
hyaluronate
85
What substance in synovial fluid has been proposed to be responsible for its viscosity and lubricating behavior?
lubricin
86
What is a complex synovial joint (diarthrosis)?
within the simple joint or the compound joint, the articulating surfaces are separated by an articular disc (intra-articular disc) or meniscus
87
What morphological classification of synovial joints is classified as nonaxial?
plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)
88
What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as uniaxial?
hinge (dairthrosis ginglymus) and pivot (dairthrosis trochoid)
89
What morphological classifications of synovial joints would be classified as biaxial?
(diarthrosis) bicondylar, (diarthrosis) condylar, (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal and saddle (diarthrosis)
90
What morphological classification of synovial joints would be classified as multiaxial?
ball and socket (diarthrosis enarthrosis), (diarthrosis spheroidal), diarthrosis cotyloid) are all classifcations given to the same type of joint
91
What are the examples of synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints?
median atlanto-axial joint and proximal radio-ulnar joint?
92
What are examples of diarthrosis condylar or diarthrosis bicondylar joints?
temporomandibular joint and femur-tibia joint of the knee
93
What are examples of diarthrosis ellipsoidal joints?
radiocarpal joint of the wrist, metacarpo-phalangeal joints of the hand, metatartsal-phalangeal joint of the foot and the atlanto-occipital joint of the vertebral column
94
What are examples of synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joints?
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb, talocrural joint of the ankle and the calcaneocuboid joint of the foot
95
What are example of diarthrosis cotyloid joints?
femur- acetabulum of the innominate articulation at the hip and the humerus- glenoid cavity of the scapula articulation at the shoulder
96
what is the number of vertebrae in a typical adolescent?
33 segments
97
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical adult?
26 segments
98
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical spine?
24 segments
99
What constitutes the spine?
the 24 presacral segments; the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
100
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
the ant bear and three-toed sloth
101
Which mammals do not have seven vertebrae?
the two toed sloth, manatee, ant bear, and three toe sloth
102
which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
the manatee and two-toed sloth
103
What does the term "cervical" refer to?
the region of the neck
104
What does the tern "thoracic" refer to?
breast plate or chest; it referred t the armor bearing region of the torso
105
what other term is often used to identify the vertebral segments of the chest?
the dorsal segments; the dorsals
106
what does the term "lumbar" refer to?
the loin; the region between the rib and the hip
107
What does the term "Sacrum" refer to?
the holy bone or holy region
108
What does the term "coccyx" refer to?
a cuckoo birds' bill or cuckoo birds' beak
109
What is the length of a typical male spinal column?
70 centimeter or 28 inches
110
What is the length of a typical female spinal column?
about 60 centimeters or 25 inches
111
What is the length difference between a typical male and typical female spine?
about 3 inches
112
What is the length of the male cervical region?
12 centimeters or 5 inches
113
What is the length of the male thoracic region?
28 centimeters or 11 inches
114
What is the length of the male lumbar region?
18 centimeters or 7 inches
115
What is the length of the male sacrum?
about 12 centimeters or 5 inches
116
Based on the numbers for individual regions of the vertebral column, what is the length of the male spine?
about 58 centimeters or 23 inces
117
How does the vertebral column participates in skeletal formation?
ribs are formed from the costal process of the embryonic vertebral template
118
What levels of the vertebral column specifically accommodate weigh-bearing transfer?
s1-s3 at the auricular surface
119
What is specifically responsible for shape and position of the human frame?
comparative anterior vs posterior height of the vertebral body and comparative anterior vs posterior height of the intervertebral disc
120
What organ(s) is (are) specifically associated with the horizontal axis of the skull?
the eye and the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear
121
Invagination of ectoderm along the primitive streak gives rise to what embryonic structure?
notochord
122
What is the name given to the mesoderm that will give rise to the vertebral column?
paraxial mesoderm
123
what bones form the neurocranium of the typical adult skull?
the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid
