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spinal anatomy > Arthrology of the vertebral column > Flashcards

Arthrology of the vertebral column Flashcards

1
Q

What is the maximum number of common ligaments identified with a vertebral couple?

A

eight

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2
Q

What is the reason that nine common ligaments are identified by only eight will be attached at any specific vertebral couple?

A

the ligamentum nuchae and supraspinous ligaments attach to the spinous tubercles, but only one of these will be identified at a single vertebral couple

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3
Q

What is the number of true intervertebral discs identified in the adult?

A

twenty-three

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4
Q

In the adult, which vertebral levels will demonstrate a true intervertebral disc?

A

those between C2 and S1 inclusive

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5
Q

What is the percent of intervertebral disc height contribution to the length of each region of the vertebral column?

A

cervical. . . . 22-25%; thoracic. . . . 20%; Lumbar . . . . 33%

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6
Q

What are the names of the central, peripheral, and horizontal zones of the intervertebral disc?

A

nucleus pusposus. . . central zone; annulus fribrosus . . . peripheral zone; cartilaginous end plate. . . horizontal zone

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7
Q

What is the water concentration in the lumbar nucleus pulposus at birth and after thirty?

A

birth . . . . 88%; thirty. . . . . 70%

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8
Q

What is the consequence of non-aggregated glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar nucleus pulposus?

A

the nucleus pulposus will loose water under deformation conditions

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9
Q

Which type of collagen is dominant in the nucleus pulposus?

A

collagen type II

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10
Q

What is the organizational pattern for collagen fibers in the nucleus pulposus??

A

They are irregularly oriented and randomly scattered

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11
Q

What is the appearance of the cervical annulus fibrosus?

A

a horse-shoe with the anterior margin thick and the lateral margins tapering to the uncinate processes; the posterior margin is thin

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12
Q

What compensates for the thinness of the posterior part of the cervical annulus fibrosus?

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

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13
Q

What is the organization of the lumbar annulus fibrosus?

A

it has 12-14 concentric cylindrical lamellae

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14
Q

What is the water concentration in the lumbar annulus fibrosus at birth and after thirty?

A

birth . . . . 78%; thirty . . . 70%

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15
Q

What is the organizational pattern for glycosaminoglycans in the lumbar annulus fibrosus?

A

they typically have a binding site for hyaluronic acid and are thus aggregated

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16
Q

Which type of collgaen is dominant in the annulus fibrosus?

A

collagen type 1

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17
Q

What is the organizational pattern for collagen fibers in the annulus fibrosus?

A

they are parallel with one another in a single lamellus and angled

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18
Q

what is the organization of collagen fibers between lamellae?

A

collagen fivers will be angled in the opposite direction such that a spiral - counterspiral organization is observed

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19
Q

What is the attachment site for collagen fivers within the annulus fibrosus?

A

collagen fivers of the outer lamellae will become Sharpey’s fibers and penetrate the epiphyseal rims; collagen fibers of the inner lamellae will attach to the catilaginous end plate

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20
Q

What is the origin for the cells of the annulus fibrosus?

A

sclerotomites

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21
Q

How does the intervertebral disc have attachment to the vertebral body?

A

Sharpey’s fibers from the outer lamellae of the annulus fibrosus are firmly embedded into the epiphyseal rims of the adjacent vertebral bodies

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22
Q

How does the intervertebral disc attach to the vertebral body?

A

Sharpey’s fibers from he outer lamellae of the annulus fibroses are firmly embedded into the epiphyseal rims of the adjacent vertebral bodies

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23
Q

Based on histology, what is the classification of the intervertebral disc?

A

a cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

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24
Q

What are the divisions of the embryonic somite?

A

the sclerotome, myotome, and dermatome

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25
Q

What structure is formed following migration of sclerotomes to surround the notochord?

A

the perichordal blastema

26
Q

What is formed within the perichordal blastema between the sclerotomites?

A

the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von ebner

27
Q

What does the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von ebner become?

A

the perichordal disc

28
Q

What will the dense sclerotomite become?

A

the upper part of the vertebral segment forming below

29
Q

What structure forms following migration and subsequent mixing of the sclerotomites?

A

the vertebral blastema

30
Q

What part of the intervertebral disc will the notochord form?

A

the nucleus pulposus

31
Q

What part of the intervertebral disc will the perichordal disc form?

A

the annulus fibrosus

32
Q

What is the earliest indicator of the position of the adult intervertebral disc?

A

the intrasclerotomal fissure or fissure of von ebner

33
Q

What vertebral levels will the anterior longitudinal ligament attach to ?

A

those between occiput and S3 inclusive are traditionally indicated

34
Q

What is the lowest extent of the anterior longitudinal ligament based on recent studies?

A

L3

35
Q

What is believed to form the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar spine?

A

the tendon of the crura of the diaphragm

36
Q

What innervates the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

the anterior neural plexus formed by fibers from the ventral primary ramus and sympathetic postganglionic fibers from the paravertebral ganglia

37
Q

What is the function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

it brakes or limits dorsi-flexion or hyperflexion of the vertebral column

38
Q

What was ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region identified as?

A

Forestier’s Disease

39
Q

What is the ossification of the anterior longitudinal ligament in the lumbar region now identified as?

A

Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis or DISH

40
Q

What is the innermost layer of the posterior longitudinal ligament called?

A

the perivertebral ligament

41
Q

What is the function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

it brakes or limits flexion of the vertebral column

42
Q

Where is ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament commonly identified?

A

the cervical spine with an 80% incidicence

43
Q

What is the clinical sign of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the cervical spine?

A

a loss of hand and finger dexterity

44
Q

What is the clinical sign of posterior longitudinal ligament ossification in the lumbar spine?

A

faltering gait

45
Q

What is the gender, age, and ethnic bias associated with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

A

it is greater in males over 50 and has a higher incidence in the Japanese

46
Q

What is the name given to the ligamentum flavum based on appearance and histology?

A

it is yellow elastic ligament

47
Q

What fibers are most ligaments made up of?

A

Collagen type I fibers which are whitish in appearance

48
Q

What is the color of most ligaments in the body?

A

they are whitish

49
Q

Where is ossification of the ligamentum flavum most commonly identified?

A

the thoracic spine or thoracolumbar transition zone

50
Q

What is the relationship between the capsular ligament and mobility?

A

the more lax/loose the capsular ligament is, the greater motion of the joint

51
Q

What regions of the vertebral column demonstrates the greatest laxity of capsular ligaments?

A

the cervical and lumbar regions

52
Q

In which region of the vertebral column will the capsular ligament be tightest?

A

the thoracic region

53
Q

What layers are present in the capsular ligament?

A

a superficial layer of collagen fibers and a deep layer of elastic fibers

54
Q

If the zygapophyseal capsular ligament is not significantly involved in restricting motion what is its function?

A

it s probably involved in propioceptive feedback to the muscles stabilizing the vertebral couple during movement

55
Q

What is now thought to be a major function of the interspinous ligament?

A

it is more likely a propioceptive transducer for the spinal reflex

56
Q

What is the name given to the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

the funicular layer or part

57
Q

What is the name given to the deep layer of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

the lamellar layer or part

58
Q

What are the attachment sites for the superficial layer of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

the external occipitial protuberance, external occipital crest, and spinous tubercle of C7

59
Q

What is the histological make-up of the human ligamentum nuchae?

A

it is a yellow elastic ligament, but has more collagen fibers than in quadrupeds

60
Q

What is the classic function of the human ligamentum nuchae?

A

it brakes or limits flexion of the cervical spine

61
Q

What is the termination level inferiorly for the supraspinous ligament according to current literature?

A

primarily at L4 (73%); between L4 and L5 (5%)

62
Q

What is ow thought to be a major function of the supraspinous ligament?

A

it is a propioceptive transduceer for the spinal reflex

spinal anatomy (36 decks)

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