Arthrology of the anterior thorax

Question 1

How many primary centers of ossification appear in the corpus sterni?

Answer 1

typically 6

Question 2

In what part of the sternum will a secondary enter of ossification appear?

Answer 2

the xiphoid process

Question 3

In what part of the rib will primary centers of ossification appear?

Answer 3

the body (corpus, shaft)

Question 4

In what parts of the rib will secondary centers of ossification appear?

Answer 4

the head, articular surface of the tubercle and the non-articular surface of the tubercle

Question 5

Which ribs will demonstrate secondary centers of ossification?

Answer 5

ribs 1-10

Question 6

Which rib lacks secondary centers of ossification?

Answer 6

ribs 11 and 12

Question 7

Which ribs demonstrate three secondary centers of ossification?

Answer 7

ribs 2-9

Question 8

Which ribs have only two secondary centers of ossification?

Answer 8

ribs 1 and 10

Question 9

How does rib 1 differ in ossification centers from typical ribs?

Answer 9

rib 1 has two secondary centers of ossification: one for the head and one for the tubercle; typical ribs have three secondary centers of ossification

Question 10

What are the four subclassifications of synarthrosis joints based on Latin grouping?

Answer 10

suture, gomphosis, schindylesis and syndesmosis

Question 11

What were the five types of suture based on Latin grouping?

Answer 11

serrate, denticulate, limbous, squamous and harmonia

Question 12

What are the characteristics of sutura vera (true sutures)?

Answer 12

sutures demonstrating interlocking of the adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by intramembranous ossification

Question 13

What are the characteristics of sutura notha (false sutures)?

Answer 13

sutures lacking interlocking of adjacent bone surfaces; typically formed by endochondral ossification

Question 14

Which sutures demonstrate non-interlock, but will overlap at their edges?

Answer 14

squamous sutures

Question 15

What were the classifications of sutura notha (false sutures) based on Latin grouping?

Answer 15

squamous and harmonia

Question 16

What re the typical examples of the plane suture or harmonia suture?

Answer 16

cruciate suture made up of the intermaxillary, interpalatine and palto-maxillary sutures

Question 17

What are the examples of the schindylesis type of suture?

Answer 17

sphenoid - ethmoid - vomer articulation, the palatine - maxilla - vomer articulation

Question 18

What are the examples of the gomphosis joint?

Answer 18

maxilla - root of tooth; mandible - root of tooth

Question 19

What are the five views of the skull called?

Answer 19

norma verticalis, norma fronta;is, norma occipitalis, norma lateralis, norma basalis

Question 20

What is the diamond shaped remnant of developing membrane bone at the intersection of the frontal bone with both parietal bones?

Answer 20

the anterior fontanelle

Question 21

What is the diamond shaped remnant of developing membrane bone at the intersection of the occipital bone with both parietal bones?

Answer 21

the posterior fontanelle

Question 22

What is the norma frontalis?

Answer 22

the skull is viewed from the front

Question 23

What is the name given to the outline of the nasal cavity at the front of the skull?

Answer 23

piriform aperture

Question 24

What is the name given to the alveolar jugum of the canine tooth in the maxilla?

Answer 24

cnine eminence

Question 25

What forms a bullet-like chin?

Answer 25

a large mental protuberance

Question 26

What forms an indented chin?

Answer 26

well developed bilateral mental tubercles and a slight mental protuberance

Question 27

What is the appearance of suture intersections just above the zygomatic arch called?

Answer 27

the pterion

Question 28

what bones form the pterion?

Answer 28

parietal, temporal, sphenoid and frontal

Question 29

What points on the skull re used to measure the skull size?

Answer 29

the nasion, vertex, inion and gnathion

Question 30

What points on the skull are used to measure cranial vault capacity?

Answer 30

the nasion, vertex and inion

Question 31

the olfactory nerve exits the cranial vault via what opening?

Answer 31

cribiform plate of the ethmoid

Question 32

What are the contents of the optic canal?

Answer 32

the optic nerve and opthalmic artery

Question 33

What are the contents of the superior orbital fissure?

Answer 33

the opthalmic veins, the oculomotor nerve, the troclear nerve, the opthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, and the middle meningeal artery

Question 34

What forms the roof of the posterior cranial fossa?

Answer 34

the tentorium cerebelli

Question 35

What part of the cerebrum occupies the posterior cranial fossa?

Answer 35

none; the tentorium cerebelli separates the cerebrum into a space above the posterior cranial fossa

Question 36

What part of the central nerve system occupies the posterior cranial fossa?

Answer 36

the cerebellum, pons, and the medulla oblongata

Question 37

What are the contents of the internal acoustic meatus?

Answer 37

cranial nerves VII (facial nerve) and VIII (vestibulocochlear/auditory nerve), the nervus intermedius/nerve of Wrisberg/sensory roof of VII and the motor root of VII, the vestibular and cochlear roots of VII and the internal auditory/internal labyrinthine artery and vein

Question 38

What are the contents of the jugular foramen?

Answer 38

the jugular bulb, the inferior petrosal sinus, the tympanic body/tympanic glomus or jugular glomus, cranial nerves IX (glossopharyngeal), X (vagus) and XI (spinal accessory)

Question 39

What can the five layers of the scalp spell?

Answer 39

Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose Connective Tissue, Periosteum . . . SCALP

Question 40

What are the principal sources of blood to the scalp?

Answer 40

internal carotid and external carotid artery branches

Question 41

Which division of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the scalp?

Answer 41

all 3 divisions: opthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, & mandibular nerve

Question 42

Which ventral rami branches supply the scalp?

Answer 42

greater auricular and lesser occipital scalp?

Question 43

Which dorsal ramus nerve branch ( name and cord level of origin) supplies the scalp?

Answer 43

greater occipital nerve - C2, C3 communicating ramus

Question 44

Which muscles lack any attachment to bone?

Answer 44

orbicularis oris, procerus & risorius

Question 45

What type of motor fibers to skeletal muscles innervated by the facial nerve?

Answer 45

branchial efferent (BE)

Question 46

Most of the seventh cranial nerve will exit the skull via what opening?

Answer 46

the stylomastoid foramen

Question 47

the optic canal is located along which wall of the orbit?

Answer 47

superior wall of the orbit

Question 48

What are the contents of the optic canal?

Answer 48

optic nerve & opthalmic artery

Question 49

What are the openings located along the medial wall of the orbit?

Answer 49

anterior ethmoid and posterior ethmoid foramina

Question 50

What is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit?

Answer 50

lamina papyracea

Question 51

The superior orbital fissure is located along which wall of the orbit?

Answer 51

lateral wall of the orbit

Question 52

What re the contents of the superior orbital fissure?

Answer 52

oculomotor, trochlear and abducent/abducens cranial nerves | opthalmic division of the trigeminal cranial nerve and opthalmic veins

Question 53

What opening(s) are located along the inferior wall of the orbit?

Answer 53

inferior orbital fissure

Question 54

What is contained in the inferior orbital fissure?

Answer 54

maxillary division of trigeminal nerve

Question 55

What are the names given to the modified sebaceous gland in the tarsus of the eyelid?

Answer 55

tarsal or Meidbomian gland

Question 56

What is the name given to the blind sac formed between the palpebral and bulbar conjuctiva?

Answer 56

the superior or inferior fornix

Question 57

What is the name given to the angle formed between the superior and inferior eyelids at their medial and lateral margins?

Answer 57

canthus

Question 58

What is the canthus?

Answer 58

the angle formed between the upper and lower eyelids at the medial and lateral margins

Question 59

What is an/a epicanthus/epicanthal fold/palpebronasal fold, Mongolian fold?

Answer 59

tissue forming the rounded margin of the medial canthus

Question 60

What specific pathways are identified with Visceral Efferent (VE) innervation?

Answer 60

sympathetic and parasympathetic motor pathways

Question 61

How many neurons are involved in the Visceral Efferent pathways from CNS to target cell?

Answer 61

two motor neurons

Question 62

What is the location for the second neuron in the Visceral Efferent (VE) pathway?

Answer 62

typically a ganglion

Question 63

Which cranial nerves are involved in the Visceral Efferent (VE) parasympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland?

Answer 63

facial and trigeminal (maxillary and opthalmic division/branches)

Question 64

What is the origin for the sympathetic pathway to the lacrimal gland?

Answer 64

lateral horn/intermediolateral cell column T1,T2

Question 65

What is the target of the preganglionic sympathetic visceral efferent (VE) fiber in the pathway to the lacrimal gland?

Answer 65

the VE fiber ascends to the superior cervical ganglion to synapse

Question 66

Sympathetic stimulation of the lacrimal gland will result in what events?

Answer 66

vasoconstriction of blood vessels, limited availability of water to secretory units, move viscous or thicker product formed in glandular lumen

Question 67

Parasympathetic stimulation of targets in the lacrimal gland will result in what events?

Answer 67

vasodilation of blood vessels, increased availability of water to secretory units, thinner or more watery product in lumen; constriction of myoepithelial cells leading to release of product from secretory lumen into duct system

Question 68

What are the names of the layers of the eyeball?

Answer 68

fibrous tunic, uveal tract and retina

Question 69

What are the parts of the fibrous tunic of the eyeball?

Answer 69

cornea and sclera

Question 70

How many primary centers of ossification appear in the manubrium?

Answer 70

1-3 centers have been identified