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everything else but sparse Flashcards

1
Q

phospholipid arrangement in bilayer

A

heads out, tails in
heads polar (hydrophillic), tails non polar (hydrophobic)

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2
Q

wheres cholesterol

A

animal cell membranes

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3
Q

facilitated diffusion definition

A

passive movement of molecules across a cell membrane – via aid of a membrane protein (carrier/channel protein)

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4
Q

conclusion of biogenesis

A

cells only arise from pre existing ones

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5
Q

endosymbiosis + 2 organelles from it

A

aerobic prokaryotes engulfed –> eukaryotes
enguled shit contributes function – becomes organelle
eg
chloroplast and mitochonddria

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6
Q

g1 vs g2 checkpoint

A

monitors potential growth conditions, assesses level of dna damage

monitors state of cell before mitosis, repairs dna replication errors

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7
Q

what are cyclins

A

cyclins are porteins that control the progression of the cell cycle
- bind to cyclin dependent kinases –> activates specific proteins involved in cell cycles –> afterwards cyclin degraded, CDK inactive

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8
Q

cell death necrosis vs apoptosis

A

loses function due to injury vs controlled event triggered by mitochondrial proteins

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9
Q

stages of interphase

A

G1: growth, metabolism
S: dna rep
G2: growth and prep
mitosis (M)

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10
Q

M phase

A

PMAT+C
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

cytokinesis

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11
Q

stuff that happens during interphase

A

DNA rep (s)
Organelle duplication
Cell growth
Transcription/translation
Obtaining nutrients
Respiration

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12
Q

chromatin – to form chromosomes

A

supercoils

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13
Q

metabolism def

A

catabolic (break) + anabolic (make!)
total chem processes occuring in living org to keep it alive

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14
Q

anabolism vs catabolism with water

A

a – condensation
c – hydrolysis

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15
Q

why polar water

A

O high electroneg – attracts shared e-s strongly – polarity

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16
Q

properties of water 3

A
  1. cohesive (intermolc associations w molc that share common properties eg polar = charged)
  2. solvent
  3. thermal (hydrogen bonding)
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17
Q

water vs methane

A

similar chem structure
BUT
water polar, can form intermolecular H bonds

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18
Q

cellulose is made of WHAT glucose subunits vs STARCH vs GLYCOGEN

A

BETA vs ALPHA vs ALPHA

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19
Q

saturated vs unstaurated fatty acids

A

sat – no double bonds in HC chain, soild rtp
unsat – double bonds, liquid rtp (can be solid in processed food) – margerine

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20
Q

competitive inhibition vs non comp

A

blocks active site // binds to allosteric site
substrate similar // substrate dissimilar
incr conc = reduce inhibition // nope

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21
Q

cell resp def

A

controlled release of energy from organic compounds to prod ATP

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22
Q

what is ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate – source of e when hydrolysed –> ADP

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23
Q

cell resp begins with G…

A

glycolysis – break down of glucose into pyruvate x2
- 2 ATP used: glucose phosphorylated by ATP
6C sugar splits into 2 3C sugars
- NAD+ reduced to NADH
- 4 ADP –> 4 ATP , net gain 2ATP

24
Q

anaerobic resp forms …

A

either lactic acid OR ethanol+CO2

25
aerobic resp full cycle 3
glycolysis link reaction krebs cycle ETC
26
link reaction
pyruvate oxidised --> NADH (reduced carrier) pyruvate decarboylated --> acetyl CoA (+ CO2)
27
krebs cycle
1. Acetyl CoA + 4C compound = 6C compound 2. 6C --> 4C (+CO2) 3. NADH/FADH2 formed -- oxidation reactions 4. 1 ATP per cycle
28
electron transport chain
1. reduced carriers are oxidised at ETC 2. energy used to make ATP (oxidative phosphorylation 3. 32 ATP prod
29
net atp from aerobic resp
36
30
intermembrane space H+ conc vs mitochondrial matrix
high vs low H+ are pumped OUT of matrix
31
oxidative phosphorylation
1. carrier molecules donate electrons to the ETC 2. Electrons lose energy as they pass along ETC -- energy used to pump H+ out mitochondrial matrix 3. H+ ions form electrochemical gradient 4. H+ pumped back into MM thru ATP synthase -- translocation prod 32 ATP 5. electrons w/o energy removed by oxygen (H2O)
32
light dependent reaction
light e --> chem e - light absorbed by chlorphyll to prod ATP - photolysis of water = O2 +H2, reduce to NAHPH
33
light independent reactions
carbon compounds made from chem energy - ATP + hydrogen carbon fixed with CO2 - formation of org compounds for cell processes
34
NADPH vs NADH
similar but NADPH is photosynthesis and NADH is cellular resp
35
where do light depenedent and independent reactions occur
light dep -- thylakoids (flattened membrane stacks) independendt -- stroma
36
light dependenet reactions
non cyclic phosphorylation and cyclic phosphorylation
37
light dependent reactons
1. carbon fixation 2. reduction of GP 3. regen of RuBP
38
gene definition
heritable factor -- consists of DNA sequence, influences specific trait
39
allele def
alternate forms of a gene -- code for diff variations of the same trait
40
how does sickle cell anaema alter haemoglobin structure
insoluble strands
41
def homologous chromosomes
same genes, same loci -- each pair 1 from each parent
42
what is karyotyping
id number and types of chromosomes in a cell
43
what causes down syndrome
3 of C21 non disjunction
44
what is gel electrophorosis
technique seperating proteins or fragments of DNA according to size (smaller samples move faster thru the gel towards positive terminus)
45
purpose of chi-squared test
determine if there is a statistically significant association between distribution of 2 species - comapring expected and observed
46
chi sqared test no assocaition vs is assocaition
null hypothesis - equal frequencies alternative hypothesis - unequal frequecies
47
chi squared test expected frequencies
= (row total x column total)/grand totalc
48
chi squared test formula
chi sqared = sum of all (obeserved-expected)^2 / expected
49
chi squared degree of freedown
(no of rows -1) x (no of columns - 1)
50
determining significance of chi squared test
chi squared value > degree of freedom = statistically significant results
51
autotrophs
synthesize organic moleules from inorganic nutrients -- energy from light/oxidation reaftions
52
detritivores
injest decomposing matter and faeces
53
saprotrophs
digest dead organisms (Decomposers)
54
linkage gene group
grp of genes w loci on same chromosome - funcation as single heritable unit - represented as pairs AB == ab
55
what can seperate linked genes
crossing over is prophase i
56
discrete variation vs continuous
indiv categories, finite pattern of expression over a range, bell shaped distribution pattern

HL Bio (53 decks)

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