everything else but sparse Flashcards
phospholipid arrangement in bilayer
heads out, tails in
heads polar (hydrophillic), tails non polar (hydrophobic)
wheres cholesterol
animal cell membranes
facilitated diffusion definition
passive movement of molecules across a cell membrane – via aid of a membrane protein (carrier/channel protein)
conclusion of biogenesis
cells only arise from pre existing ones
endosymbiosis + 2 organelles from it
aerobic prokaryotes engulfed –> eukaryotes
enguled shit contributes function – becomes organelle
eg
chloroplast and mitochonddria
g1 vs g2 checkpoint
monitors potential growth conditions, assesses level of dna damage
monitors state of cell before mitosis, repairs dna replication errors
what are cyclins
cyclins are porteins that control the progression of the cell cycle
- bind to cyclin dependent kinases –> activates specific proteins involved in cell cycles –> afterwards cyclin degraded, CDK inactive
cell death necrosis vs apoptosis
loses function due to injury vs controlled event triggered by mitochondrial proteins
stages of interphase
G1: growth, metabolism
S: dna rep
G2: growth and prep
mitosis (M)
M phase
PMAT+C
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
cytokinesis
stuff that happens during interphase
DNA rep (s)
Organelle duplication
Cell growth
Transcription/translation
Obtaining nutrients
Respiration
chromatin – to form chromosomes
supercoils
metabolism def
catabolic (break) + anabolic (make!)
total chem processes occuring in living org to keep it alive
anabolism vs catabolism with water
a – condensation
c – hydrolysis
why polar water
O high electroneg – attracts shared e-s strongly – polarity
properties of water 3
- cohesive (intermolc associations w molc that share common properties eg polar = charged)
- solvent
- thermal (hydrogen bonding)
water vs methane
similar chem structure
BUT
water polar, can form intermolecular H bonds
cellulose is made of WHAT glucose subunits vs STARCH vs GLYCOGEN
BETA vs ALPHA vs ALPHA
saturated vs unstaurated fatty acids
sat – no double bonds in HC chain, soild rtp
unsat – double bonds, liquid rtp (can be solid in processed food) – margerine
competitive inhibition vs non comp
blocks active site // binds to allosteric site
substrate similar // substrate dissimilar
incr conc = reduce inhibition // nope
cell resp def
controlled release of energy from organic compounds to prod ATP
what is ATP
adenosine triphosphate – source of e when hydrolysed –> ADP
cell resp begins with G…
glycolysis – break down of glucose into pyruvate x2
- 2 ATP used: glucose phosphorylated by ATP
6C sugar splits into 2 3C sugars
- NAD+ reduced to NADH
- 4 ADP –> 4 ATP , net gain 2ATP
anaerobic resp forms …
either lactic acid OR ethanol+CO2
aerobic resp full cycle 3
glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
ETC
link reaction
pyruvate oxidised –> NADH (reduced carrier)
pyruvate decarboylated –> acetyl CoA (+ CO2)
krebs cycle
- Acetyl CoA + 4C compound = 6C compound
- 6C –> 4C (+CO2)
- NADH/FADH2 formed – oxidation reactions
- 1 ATP per cycle
electron transport chain
- reduced carriers are oxidised at ETC
- energy used to make ATP (oxidative phosphorylation
- 32 ATP prod
net atp from aerobic resp
36
intermembrane space H+ conc vs mitochondrial matrix
high vs low
H+ are pumped OUT of matrix
oxidative phosphorylation
- carrier molecules donate electrons to the ETC
- Electrons lose energy as they pass along ETC – energy used to pump H+ out mitochondrial matrix
- H+ ions form electrochemical gradient
- H+ pumped back into MM thru ATP synthase – translocation prod 32 ATP
- electrons w/o energy removed by oxygen (H2O)
light dependent reaction
light e –> chem e
- light absorbed by chlorphyll to prod ATP
- photolysis of water = O2 +H2, reduce to NAHPH
light independent reactions
carbon compounds made from chem energy
- ATP + hydrogen carbon fixed with CO2
- formation of org compounds for cell processes
NADPH vs NADH
similar but NADPH is photosynthesis and NADH is cellular resp
where do light depenedent and independent reactions occur
light dep – thylakoids (flattened membrane stacks)
independendt – stroma
light dependenet reactions
non cyclic phosphorylation and cyclic phosphorylation
light dependent reactons
- carbon fixation
- reduction of GP
- regen of RuBP
gene definition
heritable factor – consists of DNA sequence, influences specific trait
allele def
alternate forms of a gene – code for diff variations of the same trait
how does sickle cell anaema alter haemoglobin structure
insoluble strands
def homologous chromosomes
same genes, same loci – each pair 1 from each parent
what is karyotyping
id number and types of chromosomes in a cell
what causes down syndrome
3 of C21
non disjunction
what is gel electrophorosis
technique seperating proteins or fragments of DNA according to size (smaller samples move faster thru the gel towards positive terminus)
purpose of chi-squared test
determine if there is a statistically significant association between distribution of 2 species
- comapring expected and observed
chi sqared test no assocaition vs is assocaition
null hypothesis - equal frequencies
alternative hypothesis - unequal frequecies
chi squared test expected frequencies
= (row total x column total)/grand totalc
chi squared test formula
chi sqared = sum of all (obeserved-expected)^2 / expected
chi squared degree of freedown
(no of rows -1) x (no of columns - 1)
determining significance of chi squared test
chi squared value > degree of freedom = statistically significant results
autotrophs
synthesize organic moleules from inorganic nutrients – energy from light/oxidation reaftions
detritivores
injest decomposing matter and faeces
saprotrophs
digest dead organisms (Decomposers)
linkage gene group
grp of genes w loci on same chromosome
- funcation as single heritable unit
- represented as pairs
AB
==
ab
what can seperate linked genes
crossing over is prophase i
discrete variation vs continuous
indiv categories, finite pattern of expression
over a range, bell shaped distribution pattern
