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HL Bio > 2.9 + 8.3 photosynthesis > Flashcards

2.9 + 8.3 photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

why is photosynthesis important in food chains?

A

photosynthesis produces chemical energy which serves as the primary energy source for many living organisms

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2
Q

what component of the chloroplast absorbs light energy?

A

photosynthetic pigments

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3
Q

what is the role of photosynthetic pigments?

A

to absorb light energy

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4
Q

is UV light used in photosynthesis?

A

no!

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5
Q

what kind of light is used in photosynthesis?

A

visible light

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6
Q

draw the action spectra for photosynthesis

A

-

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7
Q

draw the absorption spectra for chlorophyll

A

-

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8
Q

what method can be used to separate photosynthetic pigments?

A

chromatography

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9
Q

what are the two types of chromatography

A

paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography

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10
Q

which chromatography gives better results?

A

thin layer chromatography

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11
Q

what colour of light do leaves absorb best?

A

violet

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12
Q

what colour of light do leaves not absorb well?

A

green

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13
Q

how can water with no dissolved carbon dioxide be obtained (for use in photosynthetic experiments)

A

boiling + cooling water

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14
Q

why is light needed in photosynthesis?

A

to split water molecules

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15
Q

the splitting of water molecules is called…

A

photolysis

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16
Q

what are products of photolysis?

A

it produces electrons, protons and oxygen

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17
Q

what process produces oxygen?

A

photolysis

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18
Q

how can we measure photosynthetic rate? (know briefly) (4)

A
  1. measure the O2 produced
  2. or CO2 taken in
  3. increases in biomass
  4. changes in pH
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19
Q

how can we measure the production of O2?

A
  • count no. of bubbles
  • use oxygen probe connected to data logger
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20
Q

how can CO2 concentration be measured?

A

using a CO2 probe

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21
Q

what factors affect photosynthesis (3)

A
  1. temp
  2. CO2 conc
  3. light intensity
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22
Q

what are limiting factors?

A

a factor that directly affects the rate of a process if its quantity is changed

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23
Q

what happens to the plant at high light intensity?

A

the chlorophyll in da plant might be BLEACHED

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24
Q

why does temperature affect photosynthesis?

A

the enzymes used in photosynthesis are temperature sensitive!

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25
Q

where does the light dependent reaction occur?

A

thylakoid membrane

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26
Q

what cycles are there in photosynthesis?

A

cyclic photophosphorylation and calvin cycle

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27
Q

what process(es) specific to photosynthesis produces ATP?

A

photophosphorylation

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28
Q

the ‘equivalent’ of photophosphorylation in photosynthesis is __________ phosphorylation in respiration…

A

oxidative

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29
Q

what is the waste product in photosynthesis?

A

oxygen

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30
Q

where are chlorophyll molecules located?

A

in photosystems

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31
Q

in other words, what are photosystems?

A

light harvesting complexes

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32
Q

which photosystem is the electron first excited?

A

photosystem II

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33
Q

what causes a photosystem to release an electron?

A

photoactivation of chlorophyll a by light

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34
Q

at which photosystem does photolysis occur?

A

II

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35
Q

why is photolysis important in maintaining the ETC?

A

it provides replacement electrons in the chlorophyll a of PSII to continue the ETC

36
Q

how is ATP formed? (one word process)

A

chemiosmosis

37
Q

in photosynthetic chemiosmosis, protons are pumped from the _______ to the _____________ across the ___________________

A

stroma to the thylakoid space across the thylakoid membrane

38
Q

where does the energy for pumping protons come from?

A

energy released by electrons travelling down ETC

39
Q

why is the production of H+ from photolysis important?

A

production of H+ generates a proton gradient which is used to make ATP

40
Q

ATP is produced by the ________ of H+ ions through __________

A

movement, ATP synthase

41
Q

who is the final electron acceptor?

A

NADP+

42
Q

what does ATP produced from the light dependent reaction provide?

A

energy

43
Q

what does NADPH produced from the light dependent reaction provide?

A

H+ and e-

44
Q

the steps of the calvin cycle:
1. carbon fixation
2. ???
3. regeneration of RuBP

A

reduction

45
Q

the steps of the calvin cycle:
1. ???
2. ???
3. regeneration of RuBP

A

carbon fixation, reduction

46
Q

what are the steps of the calvin cycle?

A
  1. carbon fixation
  2. reduction
  3. regeneration of RuBP
47
Q

carbon dioxide is fixed into… (full name)

A

ribulouse biphosphate; RuBP

48
Q

what enzyme fixes CO2 into RuBP?

A

rubisco

49
Q

RuBP is a ___ (no.) carbon molecule

A

5

50
Q

what is the intermediate of fixing RuBP to CO2?

A

6C intermediate

51
Q

why is G3P produced as the final product?

A

6C intermediate is unstable and breaks down into G3P

52
Q

the 6C intermediate breaks down into…

A

2 glycerate-3-phosphate; G3P

53
Q

what is the role of NADPH in the calvin cycle

A

it reduces G3P

54
Q

____ (no.) NADPH is used in reducing 1 G3P

A

1

55
Q

_____ (no.) ATP is used to phosphorylate 1 G3P

A

2

56
Q

what is the function of ATP in the calvin cycle?

A
  • it provides energy for the phosphorylation of G3P to form triose phosphate
  • it provides energy for the regeneration of RuBP
57
Q

how is RuBP regenerated?

A

some triose phosphates combine using ATP

58
Q

glucose is produced by triose phosphates _______ the cycle

A

exiting

59
Q

2 triose phosphates combine to form

A

1 glucose molecule

60
Q

how many times does the calvin cycle occur to produce glucose?

A

6 times

61
Q

1 calvin cycle produces
___ NADP
____ ADP
____ triose phosphate

A

2, 2, 2

62
Q

how many triose phosphates are used to form glucose?

A

2

63
Q

how many triose phosphates are used to regenerate RuBP?

A

10

64
Q

what did calvin’s lollipop experiment discover about carbon fixation?

A

it discovered that G3P was the first product of carbon fixation

65
Q

how was calvin able to track carbon fixation in his experiment?

A

using radioactive 14C carbon

66
Q

heated alcohol was used in the experiment to…

A

kill the algae and stop photosynthesis

67
Q

the algae was killed at _____-second- _________

A

one-second-intervals

68
Q

what were the methods used to in order to analyse the products from photosynthesis in Calvin’s experiment?

A
  • 2D chromatography
  • autoradiography
69
Q

the film could be _________ to identify the molecules produced and determine the sequence that they were produced

A

compared

70
Q

the comparison of the film allowed Calvin to…

A

identify the molecules produced and the sequence in which they were produced

71
Q

when does cyclic phosphorylation occur?

A

in the absence/lack of NADP+

72
Q

in cyclic phosphorylation, the electron is ________ back to the _______ ETC

A

recycled, 1st

73
Q

what is the function of the chloroplast envelope?

A

separates chloroplast from the rest of the cell

74
Q

what is the function of the stroma?

A

it contains enzymes and metabolic products for the calvin cycle

75
Q

which part of the chloroplast arranges the photosystems and ETCs in a specific order?

A

thylakoid membrane

76
Q

what allows the chloroplast to harvest different wavelengths of light?

A

it has different photosynthetic pigments

77
Q

what is the structural adaptation of the thylakoid membrane?

A
  • highly folded, with many thylakoids and grana
  • incr SAVR for more placement of photosynthetic pigments and proteins eg. ETC and ATP for light dependent rxns
78
Q

what adaptation of the thylakoid membrane enables it to have a high SAVR?

A
  • highly folded
  • has many thylakoids and grana
79
Q

the thylakoid spaces are _______ (size) so that…

A
  • small
  • to facilitate the accumulation of H+ to generate a proton motive force for ATP synthesis
80
Q

what is a structural adaptation of the thylakoid space?

A
  • narrow
  • facilitate accumulation of H+ to generate a proton motive force for ATP synthesis
81
Q

the thylakoid membrane is impermeable and thus provides…

A
  • compartmentalisation of light-dep and light-indep rxns
  • provides optimum conditions for each
82
Q

how does the structure of the grana enhance photosynthesis?

A
  • stacking of grana optimises light absorption
  • and ensures that ATP and NADPH produced are readily available
83
Q

chloroplasts have ___ ribosomes

A

70s

84
Q

what is the function of 70s ribosomes in chloroplasts

A

synthesise proteins

85
Q

what parts of the chloroplast are involved in protein synthesis?

A

DNA and 70s ribosomes

86
Q

label a electron micrograph of a chloroplast

A

-

87
Q

annotate a diagram of a chloroplast

A

-

HL Bio (53 decks)

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