1.1 Intro To Cells Flashcards by rui en

Striated muscle what idea does it challenge

Challenges idea that cells are small and contain one nuclei each
(Multinucleated from fusion; as long as 300mm)

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Giant algae (acetabularia)

Challenges idea that cells must be small
(Up to 100mm diameter; 1 nucleus)

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how does aseptate fungal hyphae challenge the cell theory?

Challenges that cells form basic units of life
(Long uninterrupted structures with numerous nuclei)

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MERIGRAN

movement
Excretion
Respiration
Irritability (response to stimuli)
Growth
Reproduction
Adaptability (regulation due to external changes)
Nutrition (obtaining)

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Paramecium movement

Wave action of cilia on cell membrane allows for movement

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Paramecium excretion

cell membrane regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell, including the expulsion of metabolic wastes

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Paramecium respiration

mitochondria present within paramecium to facilitate cellular respiration

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Paramecium irritability (response)

proteins present on cell membrane help detect when contact is made with food (yeast, bacteria, etc) and cilia sweeps food towards the cell mouth

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Paramecium growth

Assimilates nutrients from food for growth

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Paramecium reproduction

Via binary fission

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Paramecium adaptability

Contractile vacuoles can take in and expel water to maintain osmotic potential within the cell

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Paramecium adaptability

Contractile vacuoles can take in and expel water to maintain osmotic potential within the cell

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Paramecium nutrition

ingestion of food at cell mouth via phagocytosis and the formation of food vacuoles

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Chlamydomonas movement

presence of flagella allows for movement towards light

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Chlamydomonas excretion

cell membrane regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell, including the expulsion of metabolic wastes

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Chlamydomonas respiration

mitochondria present within cell to facilitate cellular respiration

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Chlamydomonas irritability (response)

Contains an eyespot, an organelle reponsible for light detection

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Chlamydomonas growth

assimilates nutrients from photosynthesis and environment for growth

Chlamydomonas reproduction

via mitosis

Chlamydomonas adaptability

Contractile vacuoles can take in and expel water to maintain osmotic potential within the cell

Chlamydomonas nutrition

carries out photosynthesis via chloroplasts

Two main constraints to cell size

Large enough to store genetic material, resources (nutrients) and cellular structures that allows for efficient adaptation to life on earth
Small enough to maintain a high surface area to volume ratio for rapid exchanges of molecules with the external cellular environment

Adaptations for high SAVr (4)

• Cell division (increase cell numbers)
• Compartmentalisation due to presence of membrane bound organelles
• Folding of cell membrane (e.g. microvilli and crista in mitochondria)
• Extensions (root hair cell)

What is an emergent property?

an emergent property is a property arising from the combined effort of multiple specialised cells that enables the organism to carry out complex functions of life

Caenorhabditis elegans (emergent property) 4

- almost 1/3 are nerve cells for coordination and response - muscle calls aid in locomotion by contraction to allow the organism to move via wriggling - presence of MandF repro cells - movement, distinct anus and intestinal cells aid in digestion

how are genes expressed in cell specialisation?

some genes are expressed and others are not expressed (signals are sent to cells to deactivate and activate certain genes to form specialised cells)

how does cell differentiation arise?

- some genes are expressed and others are not expressed - diff types of proteins are synthesised - thus cell differentiation

stem cell def

undifferentiated cells that can replicate and have the ability to differentiate into specialised cell types

what are totipotent stem cells?

stem cells that can differentiate into any cell type (incl early embryonic cell types)

pluripotent stem cells

can differentiate into any cell type found in human body (but not early embryonic or extra-embryonic cell types)

multipotent stem cells

can differentiate to related cell types (Eg. cord blood cells --> rbc, wbc)

unipotent stem cells

can dev into one specific cell lineage or cell type

what is Stargardts disease

- a form of macular degeneration - gradual loss of vision starting from central vision

how do genes lead to Stargardt's disease? | not needed to know in such detail

- recessive inherited genetic condition, mutant form of ABCA4 --> codes for a ATP dependent transporter protein found in cellular membranes, responsible for transport of harmful byproducts of processes that uses retinol (from vitamin A) to prod visual pigments. - poor transport of harmful byproducts --> accumulation in cells --> degenerate of the macula

stargardts disease: treatment 3

- involves inducing embryonic stem cells to differentiate into retinal cells - these are injected into the retina, they attach and become fully functional - vision restored in time (treatment still in clinical trials stage)

what is leukaemia

*⁠ ⁠blood cancer of WBCs *⁠ ⁠⁠excessive production of abnormal WBCs *⁠ ⁠⁠leads to crowding out of other blood cells *⁠ ⁠⁠thus disrupts proper body function

leukaemia treatment 4

- involves use of HSC (hematopoietic stem cells) - cancerous bone marrow removed via combo of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy - HSC harvested and purified from donor bone marrow/cord blood - HSC transplanted within diseased bone marrow region --> cells differentiate and repopulate by turning into the necessary blood cells

why are adult stem cells hard to extract?

adult stem cells are hard to find and isolate

why is the use of embryonic stem cells seen to be unethical? (as compared to cord blood and adult stem cells)

- recognition of an embryo as a human with rights --> extraction will result in the death of the embryo (prevention of maturation)

potential range of use: embryonic vs cord blood vs adult stem cells

embryonic stem cells have the greatest potential for use due to its pluripotency white cord blood cells/adult stem cells --> multipotent at best

arguments FOR use of embryonic stem cells 3

- can cure serious ailments and diseases that cannot be cured otherwise - ESC donated by parents for sci use --> would have been lost anyway (abortion/IVF leftovers) - cells from embryos do not have nerves --> cannot feel pain / think

arguments AGAINST use of embryonic stem cells 5

- involves destruction of human life (what stage is an embryo considered a human being?) - potential wastage - excess embryos destroyed - religious and moral arguments - man playing god - greatly incr chance to cont. division, turn into cancerous cells - greater research - alt means can be discovered

um to cm

um /10k