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HL Bio > 11.1 antibody production and vaccination > Flashcards

11.1 antibody production and vaccination Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how does the immune system react to foreign materials? (short)

A

it reacts to the presence of foreign materials w an immune response that eliminates the intruding material from the body

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2
Q

cells identify as “self” cells through the presence of ______ on ________

A

MHC class 1 (major histocompatibility complex molecules), nucleated cells

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3
Q

blood transfusion is limited by _____ markers on RBCs

A

antigenic

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4
Q

why can’t you donate blood grp A to blood grp B person?

A
  • A isoantigen is foreign
  • antib produced
  • agglutination occurs
  • haemolysis
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5
Q

describe the ABO blood grp system and implications for blood transfusion (3)

A
  • RBCs possess antigenic markers -> limit the capacity for transfusion
  • RBCs have surface glycoproteins (A + B antigens) -> either independently (A or B) or in combination (AB)
  • AB: all
  • A: A + O
    • B isoantigen is foreign -> antibodies produced
  • B: B + O
    • A isoantigen is foreign -> antib produced
  • O: O
    • both A and B isoantigens are foreign -> antib produced
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6
Q

what are the consequences of an incompatible blood tranfusion? (short)

A
  • agglutination
  • haemolysis
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7
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

an agent that causes disease

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8
Q

what are zoonotic diseases?

A

diseases from animals that can be transmitted to humans

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9
Q

give me two types of disease transmission

A
  • airborne
  • contamination
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10
Q

what cell is responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens

A

phagocytic leukocytes

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11
Q

what is the function of T helper lymphocytes

A

release cytokines to stimulate specific B cells to produce antibodies

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12
Q

what do phagocytic leukocytes do

A

engulf and digest pathogens

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13
Q

where are T helper lymphocytes found

A

lymph node

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14
Q

where are memory cells stored

A

spleen or lymph nodes

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15
Q

outline the processes involved in the specific immune reaction to a pathogen (6)

A
  1. non-specific macrophages engulf pathogens non-selectively and break them down internally
  2. some present antigenic fragments of the pathogens to T helper lymphocytes in the lymph node
  3. activated T helper lymphocytes release cytokines
  4. cytokines stimulate specific B cell that produces antibodies to the antigen to divide by mitosis and form clones
  5. clones develop into short-lived plasma cells -> produce large quantities of specific antibody
  6. small proportion of clones differentiate into memory cells -> provide long term immunity
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16
Q

antibodies aid in the destruction of pathogens through ________, increasing phagocytosis of pathogens

A

opsonisation

17
Q

how do antibodies aid in the destruction of pathogens (hint: use mnemonic) (6)

A

PANIC:
Precipitation
- cause soluble pathogens become insoluble and precipitate
Agglutination
- cellular pathogens become clumped for easier removal
Neutralisation
- antibodies may block pathogenic region
Inflammation
- trigger an inflammatory response within the body
- aids in the recognition of the pathogens by phagocytic white blood cells
Complement activation
- complement protein perforates cell membrane -> cell lysis

18
Q

what is an allergen (short)

A

environmental substance that triggers an immune response despite not being intrinsically harmful

19
Q

what do mast cells do?

A

release histamine

20
Q

when does antibody immunoglobulin E attach to mast cells?

A

when an allergen is encountered

21
Q

in other words, what do antibodies do when they attach to mast cells (when an allergen is encountered)?

A

they prime the mast cells so that upon re-exposure histamine is released

22
Q

how are antibodies involved in allergic reaction? (3)

A
  • when a specific B cell first encounters e allergen -> differentiates into plasma cells -> makes large quantities of antibody (IgE/Immunoglobulin E)
  • IgE attaches to mast cells -> priming toward allergen
  • upon re-exposure -> IgE-primed mast cells release large amts of histamine -> inflammation
23
Q

what happens during inflammation (allergic rxn)?

A
  • vasodilation in arterioles in e affected area
  • incr capillary permeability in ~
24
Q

vasodilation during allergic rxns is to…

A

bring more blood to area thus bringing more phago WBC

25
Q

increased capillary permeability during allergic rxns is to…

A

allow more phagocytic WBCs to migrate to body tissue

26
Q

what are some symptoms of inflammation? (give 3/4)

A

redness, heat, swelling, pain

27
Q

what are the effects of histamine on the body? (2)

A

causes inflammation:
- vasodilation in arterioles supplying affected area -> brings more blood to the area -> brings more phago WBC
- causes redness and heat
- incr capillary permeability in e area -> more phago WBCs migrate into body tissue
- causes swelling and pain

28
Q

what is the function of memory cells?

A

immunity

29
Q

how is immunity against a disease achieved? (3)

A
  • a small proportion of the B lymphos formed after rapid cell division of activated naive B lymphocytes become memory cells -> stored in the spleen + lymph nodes
  • if a second exposure to the same pathogen occurs, memory cells can rapidly be activated to divide to form a large quantity of plasma cells -> secrete high amts of antibodies specific to antigens of the pathogen
  • pathogen cannot reproduce in sufficient amts to cause disease symptoms -> disease does not occur -> immune
30
Q

what are vaccines (short defin.)

A

weakened form of pathogen that contains antigens but is incapable of triggering disease

31
Q

how do vaccinations induce long-term immunity? (4)

A
  • (def) vaccines are weakened forms of pathogens that contains antigens but is incapable of triggering disease
  • when the vaccine is injected -> immune response triggered -> results in memory cells being made
  • when exposed to the actual pathogen -> memory cells trigger more potent immune response
  • disease symptoms do not develop
32
Q

where are plasma cells harvested from?

A

spleen of an animal

33
Q

why the choice of tumour cells to fuse with plasma cells

A

tumour cells can divide endlessly, therefore fusion would result in synthesis of large amts of antibody

34
Q

how does the tumour cell and the plasma cell fuse?

A

by electrofusion

35
Q

how are monoclonal antibodies produced? (3)

A
  • plasma cells are harvested from the spleen of a host animal
  • forced to fuse w tumour cells via electrofusion
  • result: hybridoma cell -> capable of synthesising large quantities of monoclonal antibody
36
Q

give an eg of a pregnancy kit

A

ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)

37
Q

where is hCG produced?

A

in developing fetuses

38
Q

why can monoclonal antibodies be used in pregnancy kits?

A

the hCG antigen can bind to monoclonal antibodies

39
Q

what are monoclonal antibodies used for? (detailed) (5)

A
  • pregnancy kits
  • detects hCG as hCG is only produced by a developing fetus
  • in ELISA, monoclonal antibodies are bound to enzymes + immobilised on a surface
  • when e antigen binds to monoclonal antibodies -> enzyme can function -> catalysis of a rxn -> results in colour formation in test kit
  • presence of hCG denoted by formation of an additional line on e paper

HL Bio (53 decks)

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