11.1 antibody production and vaccination Flashcards
how does the immune system react to foreign materials? (short)
it reacts to the presence of foreign materials w an immune response that eliminates the intruding material from the body
cells identify as “self” cells through the presence of ______ on ________
MHC class 1 (major histocompatibility complex molecules), nucleated cells
blood transfusion is limited by _____ markers on RBCs
antigenic
why can’t you donate blood grp A to blood grp B person?
- A isoantigen is foreign
- antib produced
- agglutination occurs
- haemolysis
describe the ABO blood grp system and implications for blood transfusion (3)
- RBCs possess antigenic markers -> limit the capacity for transfusion
- RBCs have surface glycoproteins (A + B antigens) -> either independently (A or B) or in combination (AB)
- AB: all
- A: A + O
- B isoantigen is foreign -> antibodies produced
- B: B + O
- A isoantigen is foreign -> antib produced
- O: O
- both A and B isoantigens are foreign -> antib produced
what are the consequences of an incompatible blood tranfusion? (short)
- agglutination
- haemolysis
what is a pathogen?
an agent that causes disease
what are zoonotic diseases?
diseases from animals that can be transmitted to humans
give me two types of disease transmission
- airborne
- contamination
what cell is responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens
phagocytic leukocytes
what is the function of T helper lymphocytes
release cytokines to stimulate specific B cells to produce antibodies
what do phagocytic leukocytes do
engulf and digest pathogens
where are T helper lymphocytes found
lymph node
where are memory cells stored
spleen or lymph nodes
outline the processes involved in the specific immune reaction to a pathogen (6)
- non-specific macrophages engulf pathogens non-selectively and break them down internally
- some present antigenic fragments of the pathogens to T helper lymphocytes in the lymph node
- activated T helper lymphocytes release cytokines
- cytokines stimulate specific B cell that produces antibodies to the antigen to divide by mitosis and form clones
- clones develop into short-lived plasma cells -> produce large quantities of specific antibody
- small proportion of clones differentiate into memory cells -> provide long term immunity
antibodies aid in the destruction of pathogens through ________, increasing phagocytosis of pathogens
opsonisation
how do antibodies aid in the destruction of pathogens (hint: use mnemonic) (6)
PANIC:
Precipitation
- cause soluble pathogens become insoluble and precipitate
Agglutination
- cellular pathogens become clumped for easier removal
Neutralisation
- antibodies may block pathogenic region
Inflammation
- trigger an inflammatory response within the body
- aids in the recognition of the pathogens by phagocytic white blood cells
Complement activation
- complement protein perforates cell membrane -> cell lysis
what is an allergen (short)
environmental substance that triggers an immune response despite not being intrinsically harmful
what do mast cells do?
release histamine
when does antibody immunoglobulin E attach to mast cells?
when an allergen is encountered
in other words, what do antibodies do when they attach to mast cells (when an allergen is encountered)?
they prime the mast cells so that upon re-exposure histamine is released
how are antibodies involved in allergic reaction? (3)
- when a specific B cell first encounters e allergen -> differentiates into plasma cells -> makes large quantities of antibody (IgE/Immunoglobulin E)
- IgE attaches to mast cells -> priming toward allergen
- upon re-exposure -> IgE-primed mast cells release large amts of histamine -> inflammation
what happens during inflammation (allergic rxn)?
- vasodilation in arterioles in e affected area
- incr capillary permeability in ~
vasodilation during allergic rxns is to…
bring more blood to area thus bringing more phago WBC
increased capillary permeability during allergic rxns is to…
allow more phagocytic WBCs to migrate to body tissue
what are some symptoms of inflammation? (give 3/4)
redness, heat, swelling, pain
what are the effects of histamine on the body? (2)
causes inflammation:
- vasodilation in arterioles supplying affected area -> brings more blood to the area -> brings more phago WBC
- causes redness and heat
- incr capillary permeability in e area -> more phago WBCs migrate into body tissue
- causes swelling and pain
what is the function of memory cells?
immunity
how is immunity against a disease achieved? (3)
- a small proportion of the B lymphos formed after rapid cell division of activated naive B lymphocytes become memory cells -> stored in the spleen + lymph nodes
- if a second exposure to the same pathogen occurs, memory cells can rapidly be activated to divide to form a large quantity of plasma cells -> secrete high amts of antibodies specific to antigens of the pathogen
- pathogen cannot reproduce in sufficient amts to cause disease symptoms -> disease does not occur -> immune
what are vaccines (short defin.)
weakened form of pathogen that contains antigens but is incapable of triggering disease
how do vaccinations induce long-term immunity? (4)
- (def) vaccines are weakened forms of pathogens that contains antigens but is incapable of triggering disease
- when the vaccine is injected -> immune response triggered -> results in memory cells being made
- when exposed to the actual pathogen -> memory cells trigger more potent immune response
- disease symptoms do not develop
where are plasma cells harvested from?
spleen of an animal
why the choice of tumour cells to fuse with plasma cells
tumour cells can divide endlessly, therefore fusion would result in synthesis of large amts of antibody
how does the tumour cell and the plasma cell fuse?
by electrofusion
how are monoclonal antibodies produced? (3)
- plasma cells are harvested from the spleen of a host animal
- forced to fuse w tumour cells via electrofusion
- result: hybridoma cell -> capable of synthesising large quantities of monoclonal antibody
give an eg of a pregnancy kit
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
where is hCG produced?
in developing fetuses
why can monoclonal antibodies be used in pregnancy kits?
the hCG antigen can bind to monoclonal antibodies
what are monoclonal antibodies used for? (detailed) (5)
- pregnancy kits
- detects hCG as hCG is only produced by a developing fetus
- in ELISA, monoclonal antibodies are bound to enzymes + immobilised on a surface
- when e antigen binds to monoclonal antibodies -> enzyme can function -> catalysis of a rxn -> results in colour formation in test kit
- presence of hCG denoted by formation of an additional line on e paper
