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HL Bio > 11.3 the kidney and osmoregulation > Flashcards

11.3 the kidney and osmoregulation Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define excretion

A

the removal from the body the waste products of metabolism

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2
Q

define homeostasis

A

stable internal environment of an organism is maintained despite changes in external conditions

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3
Q

define osmoregulation

A

maintainence of a proper balance of water and dissolved substances in the organism

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4
Q

if water intake is excessive, the _________ _________ that develops stretches the _________ __________ to the point of bursting.

A

hydrostatic pressure

plasma membrane

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5
Q

osmoconformers maintain the ______ of their cells and body fluids at the _____ concentration as that of the ___________

A

osmolarity

same concentration

environment

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6
Q

why do osmoconformers maintain the osmolarity of their cells at the same concentration as the environment 2

A
  • no tendency of water uptake/loss from cells and tissues
  • less energy is used to maintain internal osmotic conditions
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7
Q

what are osmoregulators

A

organisms able to regulate solute concentration of bodily fluids INDEPENDENTLY of external conditions
= changes in environment have no effect/small flucturations on internal solute conc

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8
Q

unit of measurement of osmolarity

A

mOsmdm/3

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9
Q

animals are either osmo_______ or osmo_________

A

osmoregulators or osmoconformers

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10
Q

how is osmolarity maintained in humans 3

A
  • regulation of the balance of dissolved substances and water in body fluids: conc of inorganic ions, sugars, amino acids, water content
  • osmolarity of these maintained at same level as cell cytoplasm
  • kidneys: excess solutes and water removed
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11
Q

describe the role of kidneys

A

to regulate the bodys internal environment by constantly regulating the composition of blood
- conc of inorganic ions and water maintained
- waste products of metabolism removed from blood, excereted as urine

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12
Q

each kidney is served by a _____ artery and drained by a _____ vein

A

renal !

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13
Q

what structure filters the blood and produces urine!

A

nephrons

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14
Q

imgaine a diagram of the human kidney + 6 required labels

A
  • cortex not more than 20% of width
  • medulla pyramids point towards pelvis
  • renal artery = narrow, vein = broad
  • required labels: cortex, medulla, pelvis, ureter, renal artery and vein 6
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15
Q

blood in the renal vein will have: (blood composition) 5

A
  • less urea
  • less water and solutes/ions
  • less glucose (/same) (used for metabolic processes)
  • less oxygen (used for metabolic processes)
  • more co2
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16
Q

6 important components of the nephron

A
  1. bowman’s capsule
  2. proximal convoluted tubule
  3. loop of henle
  4. distal convoluted tubule
  5. collecting duct
  6. glomerulus (blood vessel)
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17
Q

4 types of blood vessels in the nephron

A
  1. afferent arteriole
  2. glomerulus
  3. efferent arteriole
  4. capillary bed
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18
Q

function of the bowman’s capsule

A

highly porous wall which collects the filtrate

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19
Q

function of the glomerulus

A

knot-like capillary bed where high pressure filtration takes place

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20
Q

function of proximal convoluted tubule

A

water, nutrients. and salts reabsorbed back into blood
- contains many mitochondria and microvilli

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21
Q

function of loop of henle

A

has a descending and ascending limb
- water and salt reabsorption takes place

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22
Q

function of distal convoluted tubule

A

water and salts reabsorbed back into the blood
- contains many mitochondria and microvilli

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23
Q

function of collecting duct

A

tube that carries the filtrate to the renal pelvis

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24
Q

function of afferent arteriole

A

brings blood from renal artery to nephron

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25
Q

function of efferent arteriole

A

narrow blood vessel – restricts blood flow, generating pressure needed for filtration

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26
Q

function of vasa recta

A

unbranched, shaped like loop of henle
descending limb brings blood deep into medulla

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27
Q

5 basic steps in the formation of urine

A
  1. ultrafiltration in the renal capsule
  2. selective reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule
  3. water conservation in the loop of Henle
  4. blood pH and ion conc regulation in distal convoluted tubule
  5. water reabsorption in the collecting ducts
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28
Q

describe the process of ultrafiltration in the renal capsule 3

A
  1. glomerulus: water and useful molecules + urea forced into capsule lumen
  2. powered by the pressure of the blood (Afferent wider than efferent)
  3. basement membrane = filter
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29
Q

describe the barrier between the blood plasma and lumen of the bowmans capsule – what are the 2. layers of cells + extra thing

A
  • endothelium of the capillaries of the glomerulus
  • epithelium of capsule wall
    + basement membrane between
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30
Q

what are podocytes

A

cells of the inner wall of the bowmans capsule
- wrap around glomerulus
- leaves a network of slits between extensions

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31
Q

endothelium of the capillaries in the glomerulus has ____

A

PORES
- lets fluid thru but not rbcs

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32
Q

what is the basement membrane

A

layer that surrounds and supports capillary walls
- mesh of glycoproteins
- allows filtrate to pass
- retains almost all plasma proteins

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33
Q

whats the difference between filtrate and blood plasma

A

filtrate does not contain proteins

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34
Q

which structure is the longest section of the nephron

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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35
Q

what occurs during selective reabsorption

A
  • large part of filtrate reabsorbed
  • active transport is a key mechanism
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36
Q

structure of walls of proximal convoluted tubule 3

A
  • one cell thick
  • many mitochondria (for active transprot)
  • cell membranes all have microvilli (incr surface area)
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37
Q

how are sugars and amino acids in the filtrate reabsorbed

A

active transport
- thru co-transport, by action of special carrier proteins (sugars)

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38
Q

how are ions in the filtrate reabsorbed

A

combination of active transport, facilitated diffusion and some exchange of ions

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39
Q

through what mechanism is urea in the filtrate reabsorbed

A

diffusion

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40
Q

explain the mechanism of active transport in selective reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule 3

A
  1. pumps use ATP for active transport: Na out, K in, Cl attracted to tubule exterior
  2. glucose and AA reabsorbed — by specific carrier proteins down a conc gradient (powered by transport of Na into blood, hence called secondary AT)
  3. glucose and AA conc in proximal ct incr = higher than blood plasma = diffusion
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41
Q

how does the structure of the proximal convoluted tubule incr rate of diffusion

A

microvilli in the wall cells = incr surface area

42
Q

by the end of the proximal convoluted tubule, approx ____% of water, glucose, and mineral ions are reabsorbed

A

80%

43
Q

during active transport in the proximal convoluted tubule, what substances are pumped out + what substance during secondary active transport

A

at: sodium ions

secondary at: glucose

44
Q

describe the process of co-transport 2

A

facilitates movement of sugars during reabsorption in PCT

  • carrier protein uses diffusion of H+ ions down their electrical gradient (into cell)
  • drives molecule uptake as H+ flow down gradient via co-transporter pump
45
Q

what is the function of loop of Henle

A

to enable the kidneys to conserve water

46
Q

strcutre of loop of Henle 3

A

descending and ascending limbs + vasa recta (blood supply)

47
Q

the loops of henle and their capillary loops create and maintain an _______ gradient in the _______ of the kidney

A

osmotic

medulla

48
Q

what is the concentration gradient of the salt solution across the medulla

A
  • less conc: near cortex
  • most conc: tips of medulla pyramid
49
Q

what does the pyramid region of the medulla consist mostly of

A

collecting ducts

50
Q

the loop of henle maintains _____tonic conditions around the collecting ducts

A

hypertonic

51
Q

what does the osmotic gradient in the loop of henle + collecting ducts allow for

A

allows water to be drawn from collecting ducts when required

52
Q

what is counter current exchange

A

involves exchange between fluids flowing in opposite directions in 2 systems

53
Q

loop of Henle: which parts of the ascending limb are thick and which are thin

A

upper part = thick walled
lower part = thin walled

54
Q

what happens in the upper (thick) part of the ascending limb of the loop of henle

A

Na, Cl ions pumped out of filtrate into fluid between cells of medulla (interstitial fluid)
- energy to pump: from ATP

55
Q

what is interstitial fluid

A

fluid between the cells of the medulla

56
Q

what happens in lower (thin walled) parts of the ascending limb of the loop of henle

A

Na and Cl diffuse out into interstitial fluid
- movement out helps maintain osmolarity of interstitial fluid

57
Q

the ascending limb of the loop of henle is _____ to water

A

impermeable
- water is hence retained in filtrate as salt is pumped out

58
Q

unusual thing about the ascending limb of the loop of henle?

A

the walls are impermeable to water
- water is retained in filtrate as salt is pumped out

59
Q

characteristics of the descending limb of the loop of henle

A
  • fully permeable to water
  • very low permeability to solutes
  • water passes into interstitial fluid by osmosis
60
Q

at each level in the loop, the salt conc in the descending limb is _____ than the adjacent ascending limb

A

slightly higher

61
Q

the fluid in and around the hairpin being of the loops of Henle is the ____ _________ / _______

A

most concentrated / saltiest

62
Q

what is the purpose of the vasa recta 2

A
  • delivers o2 to and remove co2 from metabolically active cells of loop of henle
  • absorbs water that passed into the medulla at the collecting ducts
63
Q

incr need of water = _________ loop of henle

A

longer
= thicker medulla!

64
Q

what occurs in the distal convoluted tubule

A

blood ph and ion conc regulation

65
Q

how is K+ ion concentration adjusted in the distal convoluted tubule

A

secretion of excess in the plasma into filtrate

66
Q

how is Na+ ion concentration adjusted in the distal convoluted tubule

A

varying the amt of NaCl that is reabsorbed from the filtrate

67
Q

what is the main purpose of the collecting ducts

A

water reabsorption

68
Q

what is the hypothalamus’s role in osmoregulation

A
  • monitors composition of the blood as it circulates thru hypothalamus
  • receives info from sensory receptors located in the body
  • hence controls activity of pituitary gland
69
Q

what is the role of the posterior pituitary gland in osmoregulation

A
  • below and connected to hypothalamus
  • stores and releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
70
Q

what does ADH stand for

A

antidiuretic hormone

71
Q

where is ADH produced, stored, and released

A

prod: hypothalamus
stored: posterior pituitary gland (vesicles at the ends of neurosecretory cells)
released: posterior pituitary gland

72
Q

where is the target of ADH

A

the walls of the collecting ducts of the kidney tubules

73
Q

when is ADH secreted

A

when the water content of the blood is low

74
Q

what do the cells of the collecting duct walls contain that make them succeptible to ADH

A

cell surface membranes have high proportion of channel proteins

75
Q

how does ADH change permeability of the walls of collecting ducts 4

A
  1. cell surface membranes have high no. of channel proteins
  2. excess ADH binds to receptor molecules in the collecting duct membrane = protein channels in membranes OPEN
  3. water diffues into medulla, is reabsorbed and redistributed via circulation
  4. small amt of conc urine forms
76
Q

possible causes of kidney failure 3

A
  1. bacterial infection
  2. external mechanical damage
  3. high blood pressure
77
Q

consequence of kidney failure (short)

A

urea, water, Na ions start to accumulate in blood

78
Q

what are samples of urine tested for 3

A
  • abnormal components eg blood cells, proteins
  • drugs (anti-doping investigations)
  • glucose (suspected diabetes)
79
Q

how is kidney failure treated 3

A
  • mild = diet regulation
  • > 50% function lost = haemodialysis per few days + diet
  • donor: requires compatible cell type
80
Q

how does kidney transplant work out

A
  • donor requires sufiently compatible cell type
  • transplantation: antibody producing cells supressed
  • drugs that supress response to foreign proteins have to be administered permanently
81
Q

how does kidney dialysis work

A
  • blood connected to dialysis machine, repeatedly circulated for 6-10h thru partially permeable membrane
  • bathed in dialysate (sol. equal solute pot. and comp. to that of blood from healthy kidney)
  • prevents net outward diffusion of useful components + allows diffusion of urea and other toxic substances
82
Q

what is dialysate

A

fluid of equal solute potential and similar composition to blood leaving healthy kidney

83
Q

what is the point of dialysate being similar to blood leaving healthy kidney

A
  1. prevents net outward diffusion of useful components
  2. allows diffusion of urea, other toxic substances OUT
84
Q

define overhydration and dehydration

A

excessive intake of water

use/lose more fluid than taken in = body not enough water to carry out normal functions

85
Q

consequences of overhydration

A

swelling of body cells
- in brain – intracranial pressure = dysfunction in CNS
- normal balance of electrolytes exceeds safe limits (too low) = death

86
Q

consequence of dysfunction in CNS as a result of swelling body cells bc of overhydration 4

A
  • seizures, coma, death
  • nausea, vomiting
  • changes in mental state
  • muscle cramps, weakness
87
Q

consequences of dehydration 7

A
  1. electrolyte imbalance
  2. darker urine
  3. less elastic skin
  4. incr heart and breathing rate
  5. blood pressure decr
  6. affect ability to sweat
  7. (severe) brain damage, death
88
Q

testing for drug abuse: test kits using _________ _________ techniques are used

A

monoclonal antibody

89
Q

what does the kidney function / diabetes test for

A

tests for presence of cells + range of compounds

90
Q

what do the results of the urine test mean 3

A
  • too much glucose = diabetes
  • blood or leucocytes = infection/ kidney tumour
  • too much protein = failing ultrafiltration (advanced hypertension)
91
Q

what is urea and what is it for

A

a chemical compound synthesized from co2 and ammonia

removal of amino grps from body as a less dangerous nitrogenous excretory product

92
Q

the insects body has ____ blood circulation

A

open

93
Q

what does open blood circulation in insects mean for their circulation

A

blood does not circulate in discrete blood vessels

94
Q

insects cells form ____ ____ as the nitrogenous excretory material

A

uric acid

95
Q

where is uric acid removed in insects

A

malpighian tubes

96
Q

how is water loss reduced from an insects body

A
  • waxy cuticle over external surface of exoskeleton
  • tracheae pipe oxygen to body tissues, /w openings (spiracles): valves control movement of gases + reduce water loss
97
Q

what happens at the upper malpighian tubule

A
  • secretes potassium urate into the tubule lumen
  • co2 and water diffuse in
98
Q

what happens at the lower malpighian tubule

A
  • contents react = form uric acid +potassium hydrogencarbonate + water
  • uric acid passes to gut, others back into blood
99
Q

what happens in an insects rectum

A
  • water withdrawn from faeces
  • uric acid becomes solid pellets (leave body w faeces)
100
Q

mammals adapted to drier habitats have ____ loop of henle lengths and _______ medulla region

A

LONGER. THICKER!!!!!!

101
Q

three common products of nitrogenous excretion in animals + their differences

A

ammonia, urea, uric acid

diff: amt of water required for safe disposal of each is diff – ammonia > urea > uric acid

102
Q

route of nitrogenous wastes in insects 4

A

hemolymph –> malpighian tubule –> hindgut –> rectum

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