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HL Bio > 4.1 species, communities, and ecosystems > Flashcards

4.1 species, communities, and ecosystems Flashcards

1
Q

define species

A

able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

define population

A

same species that live in a particular area at the same time

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3
Q

define community

A

group of populations living and interacting in a particular area

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4
Q

define ecosystem

A

community + its abiotic envrionement (non living factors)

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5
Q

define biotic factors and abiotic factors

A

biotic: living creatures
abiotic: non living factors eg pH, salinity

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6
Q

organisms of the same species will be classified into the same ____

A

taxa

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7
Q

all members of a species share a common g____ p_____ and number of c_________ in their h_______ cells

A

gene pool
chromosomes
haploid

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8
Q

example for animals that can potentially interbreed to produce FERTILE offspring

A

lion vs tiger
- both 38 chromosomes (2n)
- offspring: liger

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9
Q

why are hybrid species often infertile

A

difference in chromosome numbers / odd number of chromosomes = cannot divide into 2 during meiosis

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10
Q

what are autotrophs

A

organisms that make organic molecules using abiotic environment (eg phototrophs/chemotrophs)

plants

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11
Q

what are heterotrophs

A

organisms obtain organic molecules from other organisms (cant prod their own food)

consumers

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12
Q

what are mixotrophs

A

organisms that use both autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition

eg. euglena gracilis – chlorophyll for psis + feeds on detritus

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13
Q

autotrophic or heterotrophic?
bacteria
protoctista
fungi
plantae
animalia

A

either
either
heterotrophic
mostly autotrophic
heterotrophic

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14
Q

what is ingestion

A

taking in of a substance into the body (consumers)

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15
Q

what are consumers

A

organisms that gain nutrients by feeding on other organisms thru ingestion / absorption

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16
Q

primary vs secondary vs tertiary consumers

A

pri: feed only on autotrophs aka herbivores
sec: feeds on pri consumers
ter: feeds on secondary consumers, not always exclusively

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17
Q

what are detritivores

A

heterotrophs BUT they obtain their organic nutrients from detritus (Waste/organic debris)
via internal digestion

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18
Q

importance of detrivores

A

improtant for recycling nutrients and returning them to the soil for autotrophs

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19
Q

what are saphotrophs

A

heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients from DEAD ORGANISMS
- via external digestion
- secreting digestive enzymes into environment = breaks down org debris

eg fungi and bacteria

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20
Q

phototroph vs chemoautotroph

A

energy from sun vs energy from oxidation of chemicals

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21
Q

INGESTS organic matter which is
1. living or recently killed
2. non-living

A
  1. consumers
  2. detritivores
22
Q

detrivores vs saprotrophs

A

INGESTS non living org matter
vs
SECRETS digestive enzymes, ABSORBING the products

23
Q

whats symbiosis

A

‘living together’ – outcomes of interactions between populations

24
Q

what is mutualism

A

BOTH organisms benefit

25
how is the relationship between spider crabs and algae mutualistic
algae live on crab backs = camoflague from predators
26
what is commensalism
one organism BENEFITS while the other in UNAFFECTED
27
what is parasitism
one organism BENEFITS and the other is HARMED
28
example of parasitism (mosquito and human)
mosquito depends on human blood for nutrition causes itchy bites, spread of diseases like malaria
29
what is predator prey interaction
one organism hunts and feeds on another
30
what is nutrient cycling
the movement of organic molecules and minterals thru the food chain and back into the soil -- can be taken up by plants
31
principle of nutrient cycles: energy cannot be _______
energy cannot be recycled! (one way flow)
32
whats part of the abiotic environment
rainfall, soil/water pH, temperature, humidity
33
what elements do organisms require
carbon sources phosphorus and nitrogen -- nucleic acids sulfur -- proteins selenium -- functioning of some enzymes magnesium -- bone formation
34
what is a mesocosm
experimental tool allowing control of the conditions in a small part of the natural environment - can act as a model of a larger ecosystem think a terrarium
35
what are mesocosms used for
evaluate how organisms/communities might react to environmental change (thru cangeing environemntal factors like temp)
36
advantages of a mesocosm 7
- treatments easily replicated - effect of several factors can be tested - food webs can be established - direct and indirect effects can be studied - contaimination influence can be evaluated - constants can be controlled = see effect of one factor at a time - sustainability of ecosystem can be tested
37
what does an aquatic mesocosm need
water circulation
38
what does a terrestrial mesocosm need
sufficient plant material to produce oxygen to support all life forms in the system (use oxygen and co2 sensors)
39
when presented with. a quadrat, count the organism when...
more than half of it is inside the quadrat
40
what a quadrat used for
to establish population densities
41
what organisms is quadrat sampling used for!
plants and immobile organisms (not effective for motile organisms)
42
whatis the chi squared test
a form of statistical analysis that determines how likely an observed distribuition is due to chance
43
what does the chi squared test test for
the null hypothesis that the variables are independent
44
what is the chi squared within ecology
to see if 2 populations are associated/dependent upon each other
45
what is the null hypothesis of the chi squared test
that there is no association between the two populations
46
how to calculate degrees of freedom
(no. of rows-1) x (no of columns-1)
46
how to calculate expected frequency for the chi squared test
expected frequency = (row total x column total) / grand total
46
steps to carrying out the chi square test 7
1. draw table 2. state null hypothesis and alternate hypothesis 3. calculate expected frequency 4. calculate chi-squared value 5. identify degrees of freedom 6. identify significance level (0.05) 7. compare critical and calculated values
47
if p value is less than 0.05, the variables are? (chi squared test)
less than 0.05 = DEPENDENT!!!
48
when chi square is equal to or less than critical, the ______ hypothesis is accepted
NULL
49
4 limitations of chi squared test
1. can only be used for categorical data 2. data must be raw counts (no percentages etc) 3. not valid if sample size is too small 4. cannot tell you WHAT the association is, only if there IS one

HL Bio (53 decks)

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