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HL Bio > 4.1 species, communities, and ecosystems > Flashcards

4.1 species, communities, and ecosystems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define species

A

able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

define population

A

same species that live in a particular area at the same time

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3
Q

define community

A

group of populations living and interacting in a particular area

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4
Q

define ecosystem

A

community + its abiotic envrionement (non living factors)

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5
Q

define biotic factors and abiotic factors

A

biotic: living creatures
abiotic: non living factors eg pH, salinity

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6
Q

organisms of the same species will be classified into the same ____

A

taxa

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7
Q

all members of a species share a common g____ p_____ and number of c_________ in their h_______ cells

A

gene pool
chromosomes
haploid

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8
Q

example for animals that can potentially interbreed to produce FERTILE offspring

A

lion vs tiger
- both 38 chromosomes (2n)
- offspring: liger

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9
Q

why are hybrid species often infertile

A

difference in chromosome numbers / odd number of chromosomes = cannot divide into 2 during meiosis

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10
Q

what are autotrophs

A

organisms that make organic molecules using abiotic environment (eg phototrophs/chemotrophs)

plants

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11
Q

what are heterotrophs

A

organisms obtain organic molecules from other organisms (cant prod their own food)

consumers

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12
Q

what are mixotrophs

A

organisms that use both autotrophic and heterotrophic modes of nutrition

eg. euglena gracilis – chlorophyll for psis + feeds on detritus

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13
Q

autotrophic or heterotrophic?
bacteria
protoctista
fungi
plantae
animalia

A

either
either
heterotrophic
mostly autotrophic
heterotrophic

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14
Q

what is ingestion

A

taking in of a substance into the body (consumers)

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15
Q

what are consumers

A

organisms that gain nutrients by feeding on other organisms thru ingestion / absorption

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16
Q

primary vs secondary vs tertiary consumers

A

pri: feed only on autotrophs aka herbivores
sec: feeds on pri consumers
ter: feeds on secondary consumers, not always exclusively

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17
Q

what are detritivores

A

heterotrophs BUT they obtain their organic nutrients from detritus (Waste/organic debris)
via internal digestion

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18
Q

importance of detrivores

A

improtant for recycling nutrients and returning them to the soil for autotrophs

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19
Q

what are saphotrophs

A

heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients from DEAD ORGANISMS
- via external digestion
- secreting digestive enzymes into environment = breaks down org debris

eg fungi and bacteria

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20
Q

phototroph vs chemoautotroph

A

energy from sun vs energy from oxidation of chemicals

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21
Q

INGESTS organic matter which is
1. living or recently killed
2. non-living

A
  1. consumers
  2. detritivores
22
Q

detrivores vs saprotrophs

A

INGESTS non living org matter
vs
SECRETS digestive enzymes, ABSORBING the products

23
Q

whats symbiosis

A

‘living together’ – outcomes of interactions between populations

24
Q

what is mutualism

A

BOTH organisms benefit

25
Q

how is the relationship between spider crabs and algae mutualistic

A

algae live on crab backs = camoflague from predators

26
Q

what is commensalism

A

one organism BENEFITS while the other in UNAFFECTED

27
Q

what is parasitism

A

one organism BENEFITS and the other is HARMED

28
Q

example of parasitism (mosquito and human)

A

mosquito depends on human blood for nutrition
causes itchy bites, spread of diseases like malaria

29
Q

what is predator prey interaction

A

one organism hunts and feeds on another

30
Q

what is nutrient cycling

A

the movement of organic molecules and minterals thru the food chain and back into the soil – can be taken up by plants

31
Q

principle of nutrient cycles: energy cannot be _______

A

energy cannot be recycled! (one way flow)

32
Q

whats part of the abiotic environment

A

rainfall, soil/water pH, temperature, humidity

33
Q

what elements do organisms require

A

carbon sources
phosphorus and nitrogen – nucleic acids
sulfur – proteins
selenium – functioning of some enzymes
magnesium – bone formation

34
Q

what is a mesocosm

A

experimental tool allowing control of the conditions in a small part of the natural environment
- can act as a model of a larger ecosystem

think a terrarium

35
Q

what are mesocosms used for

A

evaluate how organisms/communities might react to environmental change (thru cangeing environemntal factors like temp)

36
Q

advantages of a mesocosm 7

A
  • treatments easily replicated
  • effect of several factors can be tested
  • food webs can be established
  • direct and indirect effects can be studied
  • contaimination influence can be evaluated
  • constants can be controlled = see effect of one factor at a time
  • sustainability of ecosystem can be tested
37
Q

what does an aquatic mesocosm need

A

water circulation

38
Q

what does a terrestrial mesocosm need

A

sufficient plant material to produce oxygen to support all life forms in the system
(use oxygen and co2 sensors)

39
Q

when presented with. a quadrat, count the organism when…

A

more than half of it is inside the quadrat

40
Q

what a quadrat used for

A

to establish population densities

41
Q

what organisms is quadrat sampling used for!

A

plants and immobile organisms
(not effective for motile organisms)

42
Q

whatis the chi squared test

A

a form of statistical analysis that determines how likely an observed distribuition is due to chance

43
Q

what does the chi squared test test for

A

the null hypothesis that the variables are independent

44
Q

what is the chi squared within ecology

A

to see if 2 populations are associated/dependent upon each other

45
Q

what is the null hypothesis of the chi squared test

A

that there is no association between the two populations

46
Q

how to calculate degrees of freedom

A

(no. of rows-1) x (no of columns-1)

46
Q

how to calculate expected frequency for the chi squared test

A

expected frequency = (row total x column total) / grand total

46
Q

steps to carrying out the chi square test 7

A
  1. draw table
  2. state null hypothesis and alternate hypothesis
  3. calculate expected frequency
  4. calculate chi-squared value
  5. identify degrees of freedom
  6. identify significance level (0.05)
  7. compare critical and calculated values
47
Q

if p value is less than 0.05, the variables are? (chi squared test)

A

less than 0.05 = DEPENDENT!!!

48
Q

when chi square is equal to or less than critical, the ______ hypothesis is accepted

A

NULL

49
Q

4 limitations of chi squared test

A
  1. can only be used for categorical data
  2. data must be raw counts (no percentages etc)
  3. not valid if sample size is too small
  4. cannot tell you WHAT the association is, only if there IS one

HL Bio (53 decks)

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