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HL Bio > 2.1-2.4 metabolism, water, carbs, proteins > Flashcards

2.1-2.4 metabolism, water, carbs, proteins Flashcards

1
Q

what is the property of carbon that enables it to form a diversity of compounds?

A

it can form 4 covalent bonds

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2
Q

because carbon can form 4 covalent bonds, it can form a __________ of compounds

A

diversity

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3
Q

what is metabolism (defin)

A

the web of all enzyme catalysed reactions

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4
Q

what is anabolism (defin)

A

the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler molecules

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5
Q

what is an example of anabolism?

A

condensation reactions: the formation of macromolecules from monomers

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6
Q

what is catabolism (defin)

A

breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules

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7
Q

what is an example of catabolism?

A

hydrolysis of macromolecules into monomers

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8
Q

what compound can be artificially synthesised AND produced by living organisms?

A

urea

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9
Q

______ and ______ gives rise to the properties of water

A

dipolarity, H bonding

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10
Q

how do hydrogen bonds form?

A
  • water molecules are polar
  • attraction btw positive and negative poles
  • H bond is formed btw H and O from diff molecules
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11
Q

what are the four properties of water?

A
  1. cohesion between water molecules
  2. ability to adhere to surfaces
  3. ability to moderate temperature
  4. versatility as a solvent
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12
Q

the four properties of water are:

  1. ??
  2. ability to adhere to surfaces
  3. ability to moderate temperature
  4. versatility as a solvent
A

cohesion between water molecules

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13
Q

the four properties of water are:

  1. cohesion between water molecules
  2. ability to adhere to surfaces
  3. ??
  4. versatility as a solvent
A

ability to moderate temperature

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14
Q

what is an eg. of cohesion in water benefitting living organisms?

A

surface tension arising from cohesive forces between water molecules allow insects to stride across the surface of a body of water

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15
Q

what is an eg. of adhesion in water benefitting living organisms?

A

adhesion to surfaces allows water to move up xylem vessels as part of capillary action

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16
Q

water has a [high/low] heat capacity

A

high

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17
Q

what is an eg. of water’s thermal properties benefitting living organisms?

A

high latent heat of vapourisation makes it a good coolant

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18
Q

what is an eg. of water’s solvent properties benefitting living organisms?

A
  • a wide variety of organic and inorganic cmpds can dissolve in it
  • medium for transport of molecules in blood
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19
Q

how are fat and cholesterol transported in water?

A

they form lipoprotein complexes w lipoproteins which are soluble in water –> can be transported

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20
Q

draw D-ribose

A

-

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21
Q

draw alpha-D-glucose

A

-

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22
Q

draw beta-D-glucose

A

-

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23
Q

what is an eg. of disaccharides from combining monosaccharides

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose

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24
Q

draw the condensation reaction of glucose to form maltose

25
Q

what polysaccharides are used for energy storage?

A

starch and glycogen

26
Q

which one is branched:
1. glycogen
2. amylose
2. amylopectin
4. cellulose

A

glycogen and amylopectin

27
Q

glycogen, amylopectin and amylose is made out of ___ glucose

28
Q

what type of glucose is cellulose made out of

29
Q

what are triglycerides are made from?

A

1 glycerol molecules
3 fatty acids

30
Q

what are the 3 types of fatty acids

A
  1. saturated
  2. monounsaturated
  3. polyunsaturated
31
Q

what does ‘saturated’ fats mean?

A

fats w no double bonds in their fatty acid chains

32
Q

what does ‘unsaturated’ fats mean?

A

fats w one or more double bonds in their fatty acid chains

33
Q

what nutrient is the most suitable for long-term energy storage?

34
Q

what is the formula to calculate BMI?

A

weight (kg) / height^2 (m)

35
Q

draw a generalised aa

36
Q

draw a peptide bond

37
Q

draw a dipeptide

38
Q

draw a condensation reaction btw two amino acids

39
Q

the aa _________ determines the 3D conformation of the protein

40
Q

what is a proteome (understanding)

A

complete set of proteins expressed by a cell/tissue/org at a given time

41
Q

what are 6 eg.s of proteins

A
  1. rubisco
  2. insulin
  3. immunoglobulins
  4. rhodopsin
  5. collagen
  6. spider silk
42
Q
  1. rubisco
  2. insulin
  3. immunoglobulins
  4. rhodopsin
  5. collagen
  6. ??
A

spider silk

43
Q
  1. rubisco
  2. insulin
  3. immunoglobulins
  4. rhodopsin
  5. ??
  6. spider silk
44
Q
  1. ??
  2. insulin
  3. immunoglobulins
  4. rhodopsin
  5. collagen
  6. spider silk
45
Q
  1. rubisco
  2. insulin
  3. immunoglobulins
  4. ??
  5. collagen
  6. spider silk
46
Q

what are the levels of proteins

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary

47
Q

how is the secondary structure of proteins formed

A
  • by H bonds btw aa –> stabilise structures
  • forms alpha helices
  • or beta pleated sheets
48
Q

what is the bonding in tertiary structure of proteins

A

bonds btw R grps of aa

49
Q

the 3D structure of a protein is the ____ structure

50
Q

the quaternary structure comprises of…

A

more than 1 polypeptide chains

51
Q

collagen is a ______ (structure level) protein

A

quaternary

52
Q

what structure level is insulin?

A

quaternary

53
Q

recap link! what is the function of rubisco

A
  • enzyme that fixes CO2 in photosynthesis
  • to form complex C cmpds
54
Q

recap link! what is the function of insulin

A
  • hormone used to regulate blood sugar
  • secreted in response to high blood glucose to stimulate cells to take in more glucose
55
Q

recap link! what is the function of immunoglobulins

A
  • defend the body from disease
  • by agglutination of bacteria
56
Q

what is the function of rhodopsin

A
  • pigment that absorbs light
  • enables us to see in low-light conditions
57
Q

what is the function of collagen

A

maintain structural integrity of tissues

58
Q

what is the function of spider silk

A

used to form spider webs to catch prey

HL Bio (53 decks)

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