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D5 hormones Flashcards

1
Q

recap: what are endocrine glands?

A

ductless glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream for transport to other parts of the body to regulate body functions

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2
Q

recap: hormones are ________ _____________

A

chemical messengers

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3
Q

the body’s 2 major internal communication systems are…

A

nervous system and endocrine system

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4
Q

exocrine glands [have a duct/are ductless]

A

have a duct

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5
Q

which gland doesn’t have a duct

A

endocrine

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6
Q

what are some examples of endocrine gland (know a few)

A

adrenal gland, testes, thyroid, hypothalamus, pancreas

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7
Q

what gland is exocrine and endocrine

A

pancreas

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8
Q

what are some exocrine glands

A

salivary, sweat, mammary glands, pancreas

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9
Q

can hormones exert more than 1 effect on the body? [yes/no] (understanding)

A

yes

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10
Q

the types of hormones are:
1. ???
2. steroids
3. amines

A

peptides

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11
Q

the types of hormones are:
1. peptides
2. steroids
3. ???

A

amines

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12
Q

the types of hormones are:
1. ???
2. ???
3. amines

A

peptides, steroids

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13
Q

what are the types of hormones?

A

steroids, peptides, amines

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14
Q

what are some examples of peptide hormones? (at least 3)

A
  • ADH
  • LH
  • FSH
  • insulin
  • glucagon
  • growth hormone
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15
Q

which ones aren’t peptide hormones:
LH, ADH, thyroxin, estrogen, glucagon, cortisol

A

thyroxin (amine), estrogen and cortisol (steroids)

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16
Q

why can’t peptides pass through the cell membrane?

A

they are lipophobic and cell membrane is lipophilic

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17
Q

what are some examples of steroid hormones (at least 3)

A
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
  • testosterone
  • cortisol
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18
Q

what are some amine hormones? (know 3)

A
  • melatonin
  • serotonin
  • adrenaline
  • noradrenaline
  • thyroxin
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19
Q

steroid hormones are [hydro/lipo]phobic

A

hydrophobic

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20
Q

what hormone is made out of cholesterol?

A

steroid hormones

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21
Q

in what organelle are steroid hormones synthesised?

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

how are steroid hormones transported in the blood?

A

by binding to protein carriers

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23
Q

what hormones bind to intracellular receptors?

A

steroid hormones

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24
Q

steroid hormones bind to _________ receptors

A

intracellular

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25
when the steroid hormones binds to receptors inside the cell, it forms a _________________
hormone-receptor complex
26
where are the receptors that steroid hormones bind to in the cell? (general ans)
in the cytoplasm or nucleus
27
the regulation of gene expression is brought about by the binding of _________ to DNA
hormone-receptor complex
28
what type of hormone directly regulates gene expression?
steroid hormones
29
what is the function of steroid hormones?
regulate gene expression
30
steroid hormones also serve as... (role)
transcription factors
31
how are peptide hormones stored in cell?
in vesicles
32
how are peptide hormones transported in blood
they dissolve and thus are transported
33
why are extracellular receptors necessary for peptide hormones?
they are lipophobic and cannot enter cells directly
34
which type of hormones initiate a signal transduction system?
peptide hormones
35
what initiates signal transduction?
when the peptide hormone binds to receptor
36
what is signal transduction? (defin.)
the process by which a cell converts an external signal into an internal response
37
what is the function of 2nd messengers?
- signal transduction - amplify + relay signals from receptor to target molecules inside cell
38
2nd messengers are activated by...
the binding of peptide hormone to receptor
39
2nd messengers trigger a _________ ________
signal cascade
40
what molecules trigger a signal cascade in a cell?
2nd messengers
41
what are some examples of 2nd messengers? (know briefly)
1. cyclic AMP/cAMP 2. Ca2+ (recall sexual repro) 3. NO 4. protein kinases (recall cell cycle)
42
what is the effect of peptide hormones on the cell?
- modifies cell activities e.g. - metabolism - gene expression
43
peptide hormones causes a _____ response while steroid hormones cause a ______ response (speed)
fast, slow
44
what are the two parts comprising of the pituitary gland?
anterior pituitary lobe and posterior pituitary lobe
45
the secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland is controlled by...
the hypothalamus
46
the hypothalamus controls...
pituitary secretions
47
what type of hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?
releasing hormones
48
which part of the hypothalamus secretes hormones?
neurosecretory neurons
49
neurosecretory neurons secrete...
hormones
50
how are the releasing hormones transported to the anterior pituitary gland?
by the portal vein
51
where are releasing hormones transported to?
ONLY the anterior pituitary gland
52
________ are transported to the posterior pituitary
hormones
53
does the posterior pituitary release or produce hormones?
release
54
what is the function of the posterior pituitary?
stores and releases hormones produced by hypothalamus
55
what is the function of the anterior pituitary?
produce and secrete hormones
56
what's an example of a releasing factor + it's effect (refer to core)
release of GnSH by hypothalamus stimulates release of FSH and LH by anterior pituitary gland
57
what is lactation (defin.)
production and secretion of milk by maternal mammary glands
58
what are the hormones that control lactation?
oxytocin and prolactin
59
match the hormones prolactin and oxytocin to function: 1) production of milk 2) release of milk
1) prolactin 2) oxytocin
60
what is the function of prolactin?
- develops mammary glands - produces milk
61
what is the function of oxytocin?
releases milk stored in mammary glands
62
prolactin is secreted by ____________ while oxytocin is secreted by ___________
anterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus
63
recall: what inhibits prolactin?
progesterone
64
what stimulates the release of oxytocin? (with regards to milk production)
suckling by the baby
65
what are the effects of oxytocin on the breast?
causes milk to be released
66
what hormone stimulates the synthesis of proteins?
growth hormone
67
why is growth hormone used by athletes?
it increases muscle mass and bone size
68
how is growth hormone detected in athletes?
in blood tests

HL Bio (53 decks)

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