D5 hormones Flashcards
recap: what are endocrine glands?
ductless glands that release hormones directly into the bloodstream for transport to other parts of the body to regulate body functions
recap: hormones are ________ _____________
chemical messengers
the body’s 2 major internal communication systems are…
nervous system and endocrine system
exocrine glands [have a duct/are ductless]
have a duct
which gland doesn’t have a duct
endocrine
what are some examples of endocrine gland (know a few)
adrenal gland, testes, thyroid, hypothalamus, pancreas
what gland is exocrine and endocrine
pancreas
what are some exocrine glands
salivary, sweat, mammary glands, pancreas
can hormones exert more than 1 effect on the body? [yes/no] (understanding)
yes
the types of hormones are:
1. ???
2. steroids
3. amines
peptides
the types of hormones are:
1. peptides
2. steroids
3. ???
amines
the types of hormones are:
1. ???
2. ???
3. amines
peptides, steroids
what are the types of hormones?
steroids, peptides, amines
what are some examples of peptide hormones? (at least 3)
- ADH
- LH
- FSH
- insulin
- glucagon
- growth hormone
which ones aren’t peptide hormones:
LH, ADH, thyroxin, estrogen, glucagon, cortisol
thyroxin (amine), estrogen and cortisol (steroids)
why can’t peptides pass through the cell membrane?
they are lipophobic and cell membrane is lipophilic
what are some examples of steroid hormones (at least 3)
- estrogen
- progesterone
- testosterone
- cortisol
what are some amine hormones? (know 3)
- melatonin
- serotonin
- adrenaline
- noradrenaline
- thyroxin
steroid hormones are [hydro/lipo]phobic
hydrophobic
what hormone is made out of cholesterol?
steroid hormones
in what organelle are steroid hormones synthesised?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
how are steroid hormones transported in the blood?
by binding to protein carriers
what hormones bind to intracellular receptors?
steroid hormones
steroid hormones bind to _________ receptors
intracellular
when the steroid hormones binds to receptors inside the cell, it forms a _________________
hormone-receptor complex
where are the receptors that steroid hormones bind to in the cell? (general ans)
in the cytoplasm or nucleus
the regulation of gene expression is brought about by the binding of _________ to DNA
hormone-receptor complex
what type of hormone directly regulates gene expression?
steroid hormones
what is the function of steroid hormones?
regulate gene expression
steroid hormones also serve as… (role)
transcription factors
how are peptide hormones stored in cell?
in vesicles
how are peptide hormones transported in blood
they dissolve and thus are transported
why are extracellular receptors necessary for peptide hormones?
they are lipophobic and cannot enter cells directly
which type of hormones initiate a signal transduction system?
peptide hormones
what initiates signal transduction?
when the peptide hormone binds to receptor
what is signal transduction? (defin.)
the process by which a cell converts an external signal into an internal response
what is the function of 2nd messengers?
- signal transduction
- amplify + relay signals from receptor to target molecules inside cell
2nd messengers are activated by…
the binding of peptide hormone to receptor
2nd messengers trigger a _________ ________
signal cascade
what molecules trigger a signal cascade in a cell?
2nd messengers
what are some examples of 2nd messengers? (know briefly)
- cyclic AMP/cAMP
- Ca2+ (recall sexual repro)
- NO
- protein kinases (recall cell cycle)
what is the effect of peptide hormones on the cell?
- modifies cell activities e.g.
- metabolism
- gene expression
peptide hormones causes a _____ response while steroid hormones cause a ______ response (speed)
fast, slow
what are the two parts comprising of the pituitary gland?
anterior pituitary lobe and posterior pituitary lobe
the secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland is controlled by…
the hypothalamus
the hypothalamus controls…
pituitary secretions
what type of hormones does the hypothalamus secrete?
releasing hormones
which part of the hypothalamus secretes hormones?
neurosecretory neurons
neurosecretory neurons secrete…
hormones
how are the releasing hormones transported to the anterior pituitary gland?
by the portal vein
where are releasing hormones transported to?
ONLY the anterior pituitary gland
________ are transported to the posterior pituitary
hormones
does the posterior pituitary release or produce hormones?
release
what is the function of the posterior pituitary?
stores and releases hormones produced by hypothalamus
what is the function of the anterior pituitary?
produce and secrete hormones
what’s an example of a releasing factor + it’s effect (refer to core)
release of GnSH by hypothalamus stimulates release of FSH and LH by anterior pituitary gland
what is lactation (defin.)
production and secretion of milk by maternal mammary glands
what are the hormones that control lactation?
oxytocin and prolactin
match the hormones prolactin and oxytocin to function:
1) production of milk
2) release of milk
1) prolactin
2) oxytocin
what is the function of prolactin?
- develops mammary glands
- produces milk
what is the function of oxytocin?
releases milk stored in mammary glands
prolactin is secreted by ____________ while oxytocin is secreted by ___________
anterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus
recall: what inhibits prolactin?
progesterone
what stimulates the release of oxytocin? (with regards to milk production)
suckling by the baby
what are the effects of oxytocin on the breast?
causes milk to be released
what hormone stimulates the synthesis of proteins?
growth hormone
why is growth hormone used by athletes?
it increases muscle mass and bone size
how is growth hormone detected in athletes?
in blood tests
