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HL Bio > 2.8 + 8.2 cell respiration > Flashcards

2.8 + 8.2 cell respiration Flashcards

1
Q

what are the products of aerobic respiration?

A

CO2 + H2O

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2
Q

what are the byproducts of anaerobic respiration in humans?

A

lactic acid

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3
Q

ethanol is produced by _________ respiration in ________

A

anaerobic, yeast

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4
Q

what are the byproducts of anaerobic respiration in yeast?

A

ethanol + CO2

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5
Q

which type of respiration produces a lot of ATP?

A

aerobic

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6
Q

how is anaerobic respiration involved in baking of bread? (short)

A
  • yeast uses up the oxygen by aerobic respiration
  • then it anaerobic respiration produces
    • ethanol (evaporates)
    • and CO2 -> causes the bread to rise
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7
Q

how is anaerobic respiration used in brewing alcohol?

A
  • yeast ferments in sugary liquid
  • produces
    • CO2 (bubbles out)
    • ethanol
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8
Q

what is the instrument used to measure respiration?

A

respirometer

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9
Q

why is anaerobic respiration important in exercise?

A
  • during exercise, oxygen is rapidly used up in muscle cells -> high rate of aerobic respiration
  • anaerobic resp supplements additional amts of ATP without using oxygen
  • more ATP produced -> power of muscle contractions incr
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10
Q

why must lactic acid be removed?

A
  • lactic acid produced decr the pH within cell cytoplasm
  • this can disrupt other cellular reactions
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11
Q

annotate a diagram of mitochondria

A

-

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12
Q

what are the stages of cellular respiration?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. link reaction
  3. krebs cycle
  4. oxidative phosphorylation
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13
Q

which stages of cellular respiration occurs in the matrix?

A

the link reaction and krebs cycle

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14
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

in the cytoplasm

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15
Q

what are the hydrogen carriers involved in cellular respiration?

A

NAD and FAD

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16
Q

the reduced form of NAD is…

A

NADH

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17
Q

are phosphorylated molecules [more/less] stable?

A

less

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18
Q

what are the products of glycolysis?

A
  • 2 pyruvates
  • net gain of 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH + H+
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19
Q

in anaerobic respiration, pyruvate is converted to _________ in humans and _________ in yeast

A

lactic acid, ethanol

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20
Q

how much ATP is produced in glycolysis?

A

4 ATP

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21
Q

how much ATP is used for glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

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22
Q

what are the 2 ATP used for in glycolysis?

A

phosphorylation of glucose

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23
Q

which part of glycolysis produces ATP?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

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24
Q

what are the stages in glycolysis?

A
  1. phosphorylation
  2. lysis
  3. oxidation
  4. substrate level phosphorylation
25
Q

what occurs in glycolysis (in detail!)

A
  1. glucose is phosphorylated using 2 ATP to form an unstable phosphorylated 6 C molecule
  2. this 6 C molecule splits by lysis to form 2 3C phosphorylated molecules (triose phosphate)
  3. each of these molecs undergoes oxidation
    • loses a H to NAD+ -> reduced to form NADH
    • (energy released is used to add Pi)
  4. enzyme transfers phosphate group from ea substrate molecule to ADP
    • this gives 4 ATP and 2 pyruvates
26
Q

how is pyruvate transported into mitochondria? (process and method)

A

active transport by transport protein

27
Q

after glycolysis, if there is O2, pyruvate is transported into the ______

28
Q

the link reaction occurs in the _______

29
Q

what occurs in the link reaction?

A
  1. decarboxylation of pyruvate -> releases 1 CO2 molecule per pyruvate
  2. oxidation of pyruvate -> in the process, NAD reduced to NADH
  3. attachment of coenzyme A to acetyl to form acetyl CoA
30
Q

what are the products of the link reaction?

A
  1. 2 NADH
  2. 2 acetyl CoA
  3. 2 CO2
31
Q

what are the products of one cycle of the krebs cycle?

A
  1. 2 CO2
  2. 3 NADH
  3. 1 FADH2
  4. 1 ATP
32
Q

what is formed when the 6C sugar is converted into 5C?

A

CO2 and NADH

33
Q

what is the process involved when a 6C sugar is converted to 5C sugar?

A

oxidative decarboxylation

34
Q

what is formed when 5C is converted to 4C compound?

A

CO2 and NADH

35
Q

what is the process involved in the conversion of 5C to 4C?

A

oxidative decarboxylation

36
Q

what processes are involved in the rearrangement process of the 4C compound?

A
  • substrate level phosphorylation
  • oxidation
37
Q

how many ATP is procduced by substrate level phosphorylation?

38
Q

in the krebs cycle,1 NADH and 1 FADH2 is produced by… (name the process)

A

the oxidation of the intermediate compounds

39
Q

what are the events that occur in the krebs cycle?

A
  1. acetyl CoA enters krebs cycle
  2. acetyl group combines w 4C sugar = forms 6C sugar
  3. 6C sugar is converted to 5C compound by oxidative decarboxylation -> releases CO2, reduces NAD+ to NADH
  4. 5C compound is then converted into 4C compound by oxidation decarboxylation -> releases CO2, reduces NAD+ to NADH
  5. 4C compound is rearranged to regenerate the 4C compound to close the cycle
    • results in formation of 1 ATP by substrate level phosphorylation
    • and 1 NADH and 1 FADH2 by oxidation of intermediate compounds
40
Q

which stages of cellular respiration involve oxidative decarboxylation?

A

link reaction and krebs cycle

41
Q

which stages in cellular respiration produce CO2?

A

link reaction and krebs cycle

42
Q

at the end of the krebs cycle the 4C sugar is _______

A

regenerated

43
Q

what process is where most of the ATP is produced?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

44
Q

what is the role of NADH and FADH2?

A

they are electron carriers that carry electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC) on the cristae of the mitochondrion

45
Q

NADH and FADH2 _______ their electrons to the electron carriers

46
Q

where are the electron carriers located?

A

the cristae

47
Q

how is energy released in the ETC?

A

electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another down the chain, releasing energy

48
Q

what is the function of energy release in ETC?

A
  • energy released is used to pump H+ ions from the matrix into the intermembrane space
  • to generate a proton gradient across the membrane
49
Q

why is it important that the inner membrane of mitochondria is impermeable?

A

H+ ions can only return to matrix through ATP synthase

50
Q

the diffusion of H+ ions down its concentration gradient through ATP synthase __________ energy used to…

A

releases, phosphorylate ADP

51
Q

how does the ETC function? (in detail) (4)

A
  1. NADH and FADH2 donate their e- to the electron carriers of the ETC
  2. electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another down the chain
  3. energy is released and used to pump H+ ions from the matrix into the intermembrane space
  4. this generates a proton gradient across the membrane (this can happen as the membrane is impermeable to ions)
52
Q

what is the energy released from the diffusion of H+ through ATP synthase used for?

A

used for the synthesis of ATP

53
Q

in chemiosmosis, what materials is ATP synthesised from?

54
Q

what is chemiosmosis? (short defin.)

A

the process whereby energy stored in the form of a proton gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work

55
Q

the process of converting ADP into ATP in chemiosmosis is called…

A

phosphorylation

56
Q

what is the function of oxygen in respiration?

A

oxygen removes hydrogen ions and electrons to maintain a high rate of oxidative phosphorylation

57
Q

why is the removal of H from NAD and FAD important?

A

it allows NAD+ and FAD to be recycled

58
Q

the max amount of ATP produced can either ranges from ___ to ___

59
Q

what happens in chemiosmosis? (in detail) (2)

A
  1. H+ ions diffuse down its concentration gradient through ATP synthase
  2. energy released from this is used to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP + Pi

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