2.8 + 8.2 cell respiration Flashcards
what are the products of aerobic respiration?
CO2 + H2O
what are the byproducts of anaerobic respiration in humans?
lactic acid
ethanol is produced by _________ respiration in ________
anaerobic, yeast
what are the byproducts of anaerobic respiration in yeast?
ethanol + CO2
which type of respiration produces a lot of ATP?
aerobic
how is anaerobic respiration involved in baking of bread? (short)
- yeast uses up the oxygen by aerobic respiration
- then it anaerobic respiration produces
- ethanol (evaporates)
- and CO2 -> causes the bread to rise
how is anaerobic respiration used in brewing alcohol?
- yeast ferments in sugary liquid
- produces
- CO2 (bubbles out)
- ethanol
what is the instrument used to measure respiration?
respirometer
why is anaerobic respiration important in exercise?
- during exercise, oxygen is rapidly used up in muscle cells -> high rate of aerobic respiration
- anaerobic resp supplements additional amts of ATP without using oxygen
- more ATP produced -> power of muscle contractions incr
why must lactic acid be removed?
- lactic acid produced decr the pH within cell cytoplasm
- this can disrupt other cellular reactions
annotate a diagram of mitochondria
-
what are the stages of cellular respiration?
- glycolysis
- link reaction
- krebs cycle
- oxidative phosphorylation
which stages of cellular respiration occurs in the matrix?
the link reaction and krebs cycle
where does glycolysis occur?
in the cytoplasm
what are the hydrogen carriers involved in cellular respiration?
NAD and FAD
the reduced form of NAD is…
NADH
are phosphorylated molecules [more/less] stable?
less
what are the products of glycolysis?
- 2 pyruvates
- net gain of 2 ATP
- 2 NADH + H+
in anaerobic respiration, pyruvate is converted to _________ in humans and _________ in yeast
lactic acid, ethanol
how much ATP is produced in glycolysis?
4 ATP
how much ATP is used for glycolysis?
2 ATP
what are the 2 ATP used for in glycolysis?
phosphorylation of glucose
which part of glycolysis produces ATP?
substrate level phosphorylation
what are the stages in glycolysis?
- phosphorylation
- lysis
- oxidation
- substrate level phosphorylation
what occurs in glycolysis (in detail!)
- glucose is phosphorylated using 2 ATP to form an unstable phosphorylated 6 C molecule
- this 6 C molecule splits by lysis to form 2 3C phosphorylated molecules (triose phosphate)
- each of these molecs undergoes oxidation
- loses a H to NAD+ -> reduced to form NADH
- (energy released is used to add Pi)
- enzyme transfers phosphate group from ea substrate molecule to ADP
- this gives 4 ATP and 2 pyruvates
how is pyruvate transported into mitochondria? (process and method)
active transport by transport protein
after glycolysis, if there is O2, pyruvate is transported into the ______
matrix
the link reaction occurs in the _______
matrix
what occurs in the link reaction?
- decarboxylation of pyruvate -> releases 1 CO2 molecule per pyruvate
- oxidation of pyruvate -> in the process, NAD reduced to NADH
- attachment of coenzyme A to acetyl to form acetyl CoA
what are the products of the link reaction?
- 2 NADH
- 2 acetyl CoA
- 2 CO2
what are the products of one cycle of the krebs cycle?
- 2 CO2
- 3 NADH
- 1 FADH2
- 1 ATP
what is formed when the 6C sugar is converted into 5C?
CO2 and NADH
what is the process involved when a 6C sugar is converted to 5C sugar?
oxidative decarboxylation
what is formed when 5C is converted to 4C compound?
CO2 and NADH
what is the process involved in the conversion of 5C to 4C?
oxidative decarboxylation
what processes are involved in the rearrangement process of the 4C compound?
- substrate level phosphorylation
- oxidation
how many ATP is procduced by substrate level phosphorylation?
1
in the krebs cycle,1 NADH and 1 FADH2 is produced by… (name the process)
the oxidation of the intermediate compounds
what are the events that occur in the krebs cycle?
- acetyl CoA enters krebs cycle
- acetyl group combines w 4C sugar = forms 6C sugar
- 6C sugar is converted to 5C compound by oxidative decarboxylation -> releases CO2, reduces NAD+ to NADH
- 5C compound is then converted into 4C compound by oxidation decarboxylation -> releases CO2, reduces NAD+ to NADH
- 4C compound is rearranged to regenerate the 4C compound to close the cycle
- results in formation of 1 ATP by substrate level phosphorylation
- and 1 NADH and 1 FADH2 by oxidation of intermediate compounds
which stages of cellular respiration involve oxidative decarboxylation?
link reaction and krebs cycle
which stages in cellular respiration produce CO2?
link reaction and krebs cycle
at the end of the krebs cycle the 4C sugar is _______
regenerated
what process is where most of the ATP is produced?
oxidative phosphorylation
what is the role of NADH and FADH2?
they are electron carriers that carry electrons to the electron transport chain (ETC) on the cristae of the mitochondrion
NADH and FADH2 _______ their electrons to the electron carriers
donates
where are the electron carriers located?
the cristae
how is energy released in the ETC?
electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another down the chain, releasing energy
what is the function of energy release in ETC?
- energy released is used to pump H+ ions from the matrix into the intermembrane space
- to generate a proton gradient across the membrane
why is it important that the inner membrane of mitochondria is impermeable?
H+ ions can only return to matrix through ATP synthase
the diffusion of H+ ions down its concentration gradient through ATP synthase __________ energy used to…
releases, phosphorylate ADP
how does the ETC function? (in detail) (4)
- NADH and FADH2 donate their e- to the electron carriers of the ETC
- electrons are passed from one electron carrier to another down the chain
- energy is released and used to pump H+ ions from the matrix into the intermembrane space
- this generates a proton gradient across the membrane (this can happen as the membrane is impermeable to ions)
what is the energy released from the diffusion of H+ through ATP synthase used for?
used for the synthesis of ATP
in chemiosmosis, what materials is ATP synthesised from?
ADP + Pi
what is chemiosmosis? (short defin.)
the process whereby energy stored in the form of a proton gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work
the process of converting ADP into ATP in chemiosmosis is called…
phosphorylation
what is the function of oxygen in respiration?
oxygen removes hydrogen ions and electrons to maintain a high rate of oxidative phosphorylation
why is the removal of H from NAD and FAD important?
it allows NAD+ and FAD to be recycled
the max amount of ATP produced can either ranges from ___ to ___
36, 38
what happens in chemiosmosis? (in detail) (2)
- H+ ions diffuse down its concentration gradient through ATP synthase
- energy released from this is used to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP + Pi
