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Biology A LEVEL > Eukaryotic cells:Animals > Flashcards

Eukaryotic cells:Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Features of the nucleus

5

A
  • Nuclear envelope
  • Nuclear pores
  • Nucleoplasm
  • Chromosomes
  • Nucleolus/ nucleoli
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2
Q

What is nuclear envelope?

A
  • Double- memrbane surrounding the nucleus.
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3
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A
  • Pores in nuclear envelope: allow large molecules out of nucleus (e.g., mRNA.)
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4
Q

Function of nucleus.

2

A

1.) Site of replication (of DNA) and transcription (making mRNA.)
2.) Contains genetic material of cell.

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5
Q

What is the nucleoplasm?

A
  • Nucleoplasm: granular, jelly-like material.
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6
Q

What are chromosomes?

A
  • Protein-bound, linear DNA (linear = has two open ends.)

() - extra info for clarification.

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7
Q

What is the nucleolus (nucleoli? )

A
  • Small sphere within nucleoplasm.
  • Site of ribosomal RNA production and makes ribosomes.
  • One or more in a nucleus.
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8
Q

Two different types of endoplasmic reticulums?

A
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticiulm.
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9
Q

Structure of endoplasmic reticulum.

A
  • Both have folded membranes called cisternae.
  • Rough have ribosomes on cisternae.
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10
Q

Function of rough ER.

A
  • Responsible for protein synthesis
  • Responsible for packaging protein into vesicles (that can transport protein out of the nucleus.)
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11
Q

Function of smooth ER.

A
  • Site of lipid and carbohydrate synthesis.
  • Lipids and carbohydrates can also be stored here.
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12
Q

Structure of golgi apparatus.

A
  • Folded membranes (making cisternae.)
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13
Q

What passes through the golgi apparatus?

A
  • Proteins/ lipids from ER passed through golgi apparatus.
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14
Q

Structure of golgi vesicles.

A
  • Hollow structures that pinch off from cisternae.
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15
Q

Function of golgi apparatus.

5

A
  • Add carbohydrate to proteins to form glycoproteins.
  • Produce secretory enzymes
  • Secrete carbohydrates
  • Transport, modify, store lipids
  • Form lysosomes (powerful digestive enzymes are packages into golgi vesicles.)

() - extra info for clarification

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16
Q

Finish sentence

Golgi apparatus …… molecules, allowing them to be accurately sorted and sent to …….. ……..

A
  • Labels
  • Correct
  • Destinations
17
Q

What happens once the proteins and lipids have been modified in the golgi apparatus?

A
  • The modified proteins and lipids are transported to golgi vesicles (which are pinched off from cisternae.)
  • G Vesicles move to cell surface, fuse with membrane and release contents to outside.
18
Q

What are lysosomes?

A
  • A membrane-bound organelle.
  • Sac of digestive enzymes.
19
Q

Function of lysosomes (4)

A
  • Hydrolyse material ingested by phagocytic cells (ie. fuse with phagosomes/ release hydrolytic enzymes - MS answer.)
  • Completely break down cells after they have died.
  • Release enzymes to outside of cell to destroy material.
  • Digest worn out organelles for re-use of materials/ chemicals.

() - extra info for clarification

(Hydrolyse = decompose with water.)

20
Q

What is it called when lysosomes release enzymes that completely break down cells after they have died?

A
  • Autolysis.
21
Q

Finish the sentence (from SPEC.)

Lysosomes release ……… enzymes.

A
  • Hydrolytic (enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of various bonds.)

() - extra info for clarification.

22
Q

What is it called when lysosomes release enzymes to the outside of the cell?

A
  • Exocytosis.
23
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria?

A
  • Double membrane
  • (Extensions) of inner membrane = cristae
  • Fluid- centre is called the “mitochondrial matrix.”
  • Loop of mitochondria DNA.
24
Q

Function of mitochondria.

A

1.) DNA codes for enzymes needed in respiration.
2.) Site of aerobic respiration
3.) Site of ATP production.

25
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes? What makes them different? Where can each type be found?

A
  • 80S and 70S.
  • 80S (large ribosome found in eukaryotic cells.)
  • 70S (smaller ribosome found in prokaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts.)
26
Q

What are ribosomes made of?

A
  • Two sub units (refer to diagram in textbook Pg. 71 for guidance.)
  • 1 sub unit = ribosomal RNA.
  • 1 sub unit = protein.
27
Q

Function of ribosomes.

A
  • Site of protein synthesis.
28
Q

True or False

Lysosomes are not membrane-bound organelles.

A
  • False.
  • Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles.
29
Q

By what process are modified proteins and lipids released from the cell (after the golgi vesicles fuse with cell surface membrane?)

A
  • Exocytosis.
30
Q

By what process are chemicals transported INto cells?

A
  • Endocytosis.

Biology A LEVEL (22 decks)

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