Cellular response

Question 1

What are T lymphocytes/ T cells? Where are they made and matured?

Answer 1

• These are white blood cells involved in specific immune response.
• All lymphocytes made in bone marrow BUT T- cells mature in thymus.

Question 2

What does the cellular response involve?

Answer 2

• Cellular response involves T cells and body cells.

Question 3

What are antigen-presenting cells?

Answer 3

• Any cell that presents non-self antigen on its surface.

Question 4

Different examples of antigen-presenting cells?

4 examples!

Answer 4

1.) Cells infected with virus will present viral antigens on their surface.
2.) Macrophage (phagocyte that has enguled pathogen) will present pathogen antigens on surface.
3.) Cells from organ transplant will have different antigens compared to your self-antigens.
4.) Cancer cells will have antigens different to your own self antigens.

() - extra info clarification.

Question 5

Why is response T cells are involved in known as “cellular response?”

Answer 5

• T cells response = cellular because T cells will only respond to antigens which are present on antigen-presenting cells.

Question 6

What is another name for cellular response?

Answer 6

• Cell-mediated response.

Question 7

Steps of cellular response?

Answer 7

1.) Macrophage will present destroyed pathogen’s antigens on its cell-surface membrane - becoming APC.
2.) Helper T cells’ specific antigen receptor site (on surface) will bind to antigens on APC.
3.) Binding stimulates T-helper cells to divide by mitosis - making clones.
4.) Cloned helper T cells can differentiate into different cells.

Question 8

What different cells can T helper cells differentiate into after they divide by mitosis?

Answer 8

• Some remain as helper T cells –> stimulate B lymphocytes/ stimulate macrophages (phagocytes) to carry out more phagocytosis.
• Some differentiate into memory cells (for that specific antigen.)
• Some differentiate into cytotoxic T cells.

Question 9

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

Answer 9

• Destroy abnormal/ infected cells (ie. cancer cells/ viral-infected cells.)
• Release perforin protein –> perforin embedds in cell surface membrane/ makes pores so enzymes can enter the cell. This destroys cell.

Question 10

What 3 cells do T-helper cells stimulate?

Answer 10

• Cytotoxic T cells
• B cells
• Phagocytes/ macrophages.

Question 11

What are Helper - T cells and cytotoxic T cells sometimes abbreviated as?

Answer 11

• Helper- T cells: T (subscript h.)
• Cytotoxic T cells: T (subscript c.)