ES - Physiological Adaptations to Exercise and Training - Adaptations to Metabolic Conditioning

Question 1

Chronic adaptations in cardiorespiratory system in response to aerobic training

Answer 1

Either unchanged or moderately affected by aerobic training.
Highly specific to training activity; i.e. adaptations observed during lower extremity training result from lower extremity training. If training focuses on lower extremity training, one will most likely not see ventilatory adaptations during upper extremity activities.

Question 2

Chronic adaptations in cardiorespiratory system in response to anaerobic training

Answer 2

a

Question 3

Chronic adaptations in cardiorespiratory system in response to concurrent training

Answer 3

a

Question 4

Overtraining and symptoms

Answer 4

Accumulation of training stress (excessive training frequency, volume, or intensity without sufficient rest, recovery, and nutrient intake) resulting in LONG-TERM decrement in performance w/ or without associated physiological and psychological signs and symptoms of maladaptation.
Can take weeks or months to restore performance.
Symptoms: extreme fatigue, illness, or injury (multiple can occur)

Question 5

Overreaching

Answer 5

Excessive training that leads to SHORT-TERM decrements in performance.
Recovery is normally achieved within a few days or weeks of rest.
As a result, overreaching can be prescribed as a planned training phase.

Question 6

Rationale for Overreaching in a training program

Answer 6

Rationale is to overwork (surprise performance and build up tolerance) and then taper in order to allow for a “super-compensation” in performance.
If done correctly, can be beneficial for power and strength gains.

Question 7

Nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR) and symptoms

Answer 7

when intensification of training stimulus continues without adequate recovery and regeneration, an athlete can evolve into a state of extreme overreaching.
Leads to stagnation and a decrease in performance that will continue for several weeks or months.
Symptoms: decreased performance, increased fatigue, decreased vigor, hormonal disturbances.

Question 8

Overtraining syndrome

Answer 8

Includes sympathetic and parasympathetic OTS.
Consistent with extreme nonfunctional overreaching but with longer performance decrement (>2 months), more severe symptoms and maladapted physiology (psychologic, neurologic, endocrinologic, immunologic systems), and an additional stressor not explained by other disease.

Question 9

Theoretical development of Overtraining stages

Answer 9

Acute Fatigue
Functional Overreaching (FOR)
Nonfunctional Overreaching (NFOR)
Overtraining Syndrome (OTS)

Question 10

Theoretical development of Acute Fatigue
Duration (days, weeks, months)
Effect on:
Performance
 Neural

Answer 10

Duration: Day(s)
Performance: no effect or increase
Neural: altered neuron function

Question 11

Theoretical development of FOR
Duration
Effect on:
Performance
Neural
Endocrine

Answer 11

Duration: Days to weeks
Performance: temporary decrease, returns to baseline.
Neural: altered motor unit recruitment.
Endocrine: altered sympathetic activity and hypothalamic control.

Question 12

Theoretical development of NFOR
Duration
Effect on:
Performance
Neural
Skeletal Muscle
Metabolic
Cardiovascular
Immune
Endocrine
Psychological

Answer 12

Duration: weeks to months.
Performance: stagnation or decrease.
Neural: decreased motor coordination.
Skeletal muscle: altered excitation-contraction coupling.
Metabolic: decreased muscle glycogen.
Cardiovascular: increased resting HR and blood pressure.
Immune: altered imune function.
Endocrine: altered hormonal concentration.
Psychological: mood disturbances.

Question 13

Theoretical development of OTS
Duration
Effect on:
Performance
Skeletal muscle
Metabolic
Immune
Psychological

Answer 13

Duration: many months to years.
Performance: decrease.
Skeletal muscle: decreased force production.
Metabolic: decreased glycolytic capacity.
Immune: sickness and infection.
Psychological: emotional and sleep disturbances.

Question 14

Sympathetic OTS

Answer 14

Associated with high amounts of anaerobic activity
Increased sympathetic activity at rest (restlessness/excitability, disturbed sleep, weight loss, accelerated HR, delayed recovery).
Employ parasympathetic techniques to recover from effects (nap, meditation, massage, hot tubs, deep water floating).

Question 15

Parasympathetic OTS

Answer 15

Associated with high amounts of aerobic activity.
Include derision, decreased HR, fatigue, decreased performance.
Employ sympathetic techniques to recover (low intensity active recovery, electrical stimulation treatment, cryotherapy, contrast baths, saunas, cold water swimming.

Question 16

Detraining

Answer 16

A decrement in performance and loss of there accumulated physiological adaptations following the cessation of anaerobic training or when there is substantial reduction in frequency, volume, intensity, or any combination of these variables.
Training-induced adaptations are transient and thus can disappear when training load is insufficient or removed completely.

Question 17

Time frames for Anaerobic detraining

Answer 17

Strength training is readily maintained for up to 4 weeks of inactivity, but highly trained athletes, eccentric force and sport-specific power may decline faster.

In trained weightlifters, removing the training stimulus for 14 days did not significantly affect 1RM in bench (-1.7%) and squat (-0.9%), isometric (-7%) and isokinetic concentric knee ext. force (-2.3%), or vert. jump (-1.2%). Untrained didn’t see changes for 6 weeks..

Question 18

8-12 week anaerobic detraining

Answer 18

7%-12% decline in strength of strength-trained athletes.
Coupled with decreased average maximal bilateral and unilateral intramuscular EMG.

However, amount of strength reductions is rarely lower than pertaining values, indicating that resistance training has a residual effect when the stimulus is removed.

When the athlete returns to training, the rate of strength retainment is high, support the paradigm of “muscle memory”.

Question 19

Anaerobic detraining and muscle fiber characteristics

Answer 19

unchanged during initial weeks of inactivity, but oxidative fibers begin to increase in strength-trained athlete (decrease in endurance athletes) within 8 weeks of training cessation.

Question 20

Anaerobic detraining and muscle fiber characteristics in strength-trained after 14 days of inactivity

Answer 20

No effect on muscle fiber type distribution. Muscle fiber cross-sectional area declines rapidly in strength and sprint athletes.
Decline of -6.4% in fast-twitch fiber cross-sectional area. Muscle mass in anaerobic athletes and slow-twitch fibers begin declining over longer periods of inactivity.

Question 21

Effects of 7 months no training in powerlifters

Answer 21

average 37.1% atrophy in all fiber types.

Question 22

Effect of 13.5 months no training in elite body builders

Answer 22

decreases in:
fat-free mass -9.3%
thigh girth -0.5%
arm girth 11.5%
average fiber area -8.3%

Question 23

Tapering

Answer 23

Planned reduction of volume training (usually in duration and frequency but not intensity) that occurs before an athletic competition or a planned recovery microcycle. Designed to enhance athletic performance and adaptations.

Question 24

Aerobic endurance and detraining

Answer 24

mot sensitive to periods of inactivity b/c their enzymatic basis.

Question 25

Short-term (4 weeks) aerobic detraining
Long-term (more than 4 weeks)
Why?

Answer 25

S: maximal O2 uptake reduced by 4%-14%
L: maximal O2 uptake reduced by 6%-20%
The reduction in VO2max is a result of decreased blood volume, decreased stroke volume, decreased maximal cardiac output, and decreased sub maximal heart rate.