ES - Physiological Adaptations to Exercise and Training - Adaptations to Metabolic Conditioning Flashcards
Chronic adaptations in cardiorespiratory system in response to aerobic training
Either unchanged or moderately affected by aerobic training.
Highly specific to training activity; i.e. adaptations observed during lower extremity training result from lower extremity training. If training focuses on lower extremity training, one will most likely not see ventilatory adaptations during upper extremity activities.
Chronic adaptations in cardiorespiratory system in response to anaerobic training
a
Chronic adaptations in cardiorespiratory system in response to concurrent training
a
Overtraining and symptoms
Accumulation of training stress (excessive training frequency, volume, or intensity without sufficient rest, recovery, and nutrient intake) resulting in LONG-TERM decrement in performance w/ or without associated physiological and psychological signs and symptoms of maladaptation.
Can take weeks or months to restore performance.
Symptoms: extreme fatigue, illness, or injury (multiple can occur)
Overreaching
Excessive training that leads to SHORT-TERM decrements in performance.
Recovery is normally achieved within a few days or weeks of rest.
As a result, overreaching can be prescribed as a planned training phase.
Rationale for Overreaching in a training program
Rationale is to overwork (surprise performance and build up tolerance) and then taper in order to allow for a “super-compensation” in performance.
If done correctly, can be beneficial for power and strength gains.
Nonfunctional overreaching (NFOR) and symptoms
when intensification of training stimulus continues without adequate recovery and regeneration, an athlete can evolve into a state of extreme overreaching.
Leads to stagnation and a decrease in performance that will continue for several weeks or months.
Symptoms: decreased performance, increased fatigue, decreased vigor, hormonal disturbances.
Overtraining syndrome
Includes sympathetic and parasympathetic OTS.
Consistent with extreme nonfunctional overreaching but with longer performance decrement (>2 months), more severe symptoms and maladapted physiology (psychologic, neurologic, endocrinologic, immunologic systems), and an additional stressor not explained by other disease.
Theoretical development of Overtraining stages
Acute Fatigue Functional Overreaching (FOR) Nonfunctional Overreaching (NFOR) Overtraining Syndrome (OTS)
Theoretical development of Acute Fatigue Duration (days, weeks, months) Effect on: Performance Neural
Duration: Day(s)
Performance: no effect or increase
Neural: altered neuron function
Theoretical development of FOR Duration Effect on: Performance Neural Endocrine
Duration: Days to weeks
Performance: temporary decrease, returns to baseline.
Neural: altered motor unit recruitment.
Endocrine: altered sympathetic activity and hypothalamic control.
Theoretical development of NFOR Duration Effect on: Performance Neural Skeletal Muscle Metabolic Cardiovascular Immune Endocrine Psychological
Duration: weeks to months.
Performance: stagnation or decrease.
Neural: decreased motor coordination.
Skeletal muscle: altered excitation-contraction coupling.
Metabolic: decreased muscle glycogen.
Cardiovascular: increased resting HR and blood pressure.
Immune: altered imune function.
Endocrine: altered hormonal concentration.
Psychological: mood disturbances.
Theoretical development of OTS Duration Effect on: Performance Skeletal muscle Metabolic Immune Psychological
Duration: many months to years.
Performance: decrease.
Skeletal muscle: decreased force production.
Metabolic: decreased glycolytic capacity.
Immune: sickness and infection.
Psychological: emotional and sleep disturbances.
Sympathetic OTS
Associated with high amounts of anaerobic activity
Increased sympathetic activity at rest (restlessness/excitability, disturbed sleep, weight loss, accelerated HR, delayed recovery).
Employ parasympathetic techniques to recover from effects (nap, meditation, massage, hot tubs, deep water floating).
Parasympathetic OTS
Associated with high amounts of aerobic activity.
Include derision, decreased HR, fatigue, decreased performance.
Employ sympathetic techniques to recover (low intensity active recovery, electrical stimulation treatment, cryotherapy, contrast baths, saunas, cold water swimming.
Detraining
A decrement in performance and loss of there accumulated physiological adaptations following the cessation of anaerobic training or when there is substantial reduction in frequency, volume, intensity, or any combination of these variables.
Training-induced adaptations are transient and thus can disappear when training load is insufficient or removed completely.
Time frames for Anaerobic detraining
Strength training is readily maintained for up to 4 weeks of inactivity, but highly trained athletes, eccentric force and sport-specific power may decline faster.
In trained weightlifters, removing the training stimulus for 14 days did not significantly affect 1RM in bench (-1.7%) and squat (-0.9%), isometric (-7%) and isokinetic concentric knee ext. force (-2.3%), or vert. jump (-1.2%). Untrained didn’t see changes for 6 weeks..
8-12 week anaerobic detraining
7%-12% decline in strength of strength-trained athletes.
Coupled with decreased average maximal bilateral and unilateral intramuscular EMG.
However, amount of strength reductions is rarely lower than pertaining values, indicating that resistance training has a residual effect when the stimulus is removed.
When the athlete returns to training, the rate of strength retainment is high, support the paradigm of “muscle memory”.
Anaerobic detraining and muscle fiber characteristics
unchanged during initial weeks of inactivity, but oxidative fibers begin to increase in strength-trained athlete (decrease in endurance athletes) within 8 weeks of training cessation.
Anaerobic detraining and muscle fiber characteristics in strength-trained after 14 days of inactivity
No effect on muscle fiber type distribution. Muscle fiber cross-sectional area declines rapidly in strength and sprint athletes.
Decline of -6.4% in fast-twitch fiber cross-sectional area. Muscle mass in anaerobic athletes and slow-twitch fibers begin declining over longer periods of inactivity.
Effects of 7 months no training in powerlifters
average 37.1% atrophy in all fiber types.
Effect of 13.5 months no training in elite body builders
decreases in: fat-free mass -9.3% thigh girth -0.5% arm girth 11.5% average fiber area -8.3%
Tapering
Planned reduction of volume training (usually in duration and frequency but not intensity) that occurs before an athletic competition or a planned recovery microcycle. Designed to enhance athletic performance and adaptations.
Aerobic endurance and detraining
mot sensitive to periods of inactivity b/c their enzymatic basis.
Short-term (4 weeks) aerobic detraining
Long-term (more than 4 weeks)
Why?
S: maximal O2 uptake reduced by 4%-14%
L: maximal O2 uptake reduced by 6%-20%
The reduction in VO2max is a result of decreased blood volume, decreased stroke volume, decreased maximal cardiac output, and decreased sub maximal heart rate.
