ES - Basic Principles of Biomech. Regarding... - Knowledge of Bone and Connective Tissue (tendons and ligaments) Anatomy and Physiology - Bone and Connective Tissue Anatomy

Question 1

What structures comprise bones? (7)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8PcDeEro10

Answer 1

Diaphysis
Epiphyses
Periosteum: surrounds all bones
Blood Vessels
Cortical Bone (Compact bone)
Cancellous Bone (Spongy or Trabecular bone)
Bone marrow (red and yellow)

Question 2

Difference between bone tissue and connective tissue (***)

Answer 2

Bone: consists of cancellous (spongy or trabecular) and cortical (compact)
Connective Tissue: provide static stability to joints.

Question 3

Types of Connective Tissue

Answer 3

Adipose (loose): fat tissue
Reticular (blood): holds blood in place inside organs, (spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow).
Hemapoetic/Lymphatic
Elastic (dense): tendons
Fibrous: tendons and ligaments
Cartilage: tension and compression
Bone

Question 4

Cartilage

Answer 4

no blood or nerves and stands up against tension and compression

Hyaline: articulating surface of bones
Elastic: strength and stretchability
Fibrous: shock absorbers and keeps bones from grinding together (vertebrae disks, knee joints, etc.)

Question 5

Proper (Dense and Loose)

Answer 5

DENSE:
Regular: tendons and ligaments; collagen fibers stacked regularly in rows.
Irregular: thick fibers arranged erratically; found where tension might be exerted in different directions (dermis underlying skin)
Elastic: strong and elastic (vertebrae so spine can curve and twist)

LOOSE: fewer fibers and more cells
Areolar: wrapped around organs
Adipose: fat tissue, stores lipids
Reticular: holds blood in place inside organs (spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow).

Question 6

Blood

Answer 6

keep the body connected by delivering various substances (nutrients, oxygen, etc.)
Blood plasma, which has protein fibers floating around. Those fibers form fiber-like structures when blood is needing to clot.

Question 7

Bone

Answer 7

calcified connective tissue for supporting and protecting various bone structures
Spongy: strong and porous and used to make and store bone marrow (heads of long bones and inner layer of flat bones (sternum))
Compact: dense with no visible spaces. Forms external layer of bones and stores calcium for bone cells to make more tissue.

Question 8

What adaptations do bones make to different forms of training (e.g. resistance, aerobic)?

Answer 8

Resistance:
as mechanical stress on bones increases (weight), bones must increase mass and strength to provide support.
Aerobic:
stimulate bone growth and formation
No change or small increases in BMD around areas in which forces were exerted.

Question 9

Bone Mineral Density (BMD)

Answer 9

quantity of mineral deposited in a given area of the bone.

Question 10

What type of training increases BMD? How long is the time course for bone adaptations?

Answer 10

Anaerobic training that stresses the bone past their threshold in different directions.

Time course: 6+ months and depends on program structure.

Question 11

How can athletes stimulate bone formation? (5)

Answer 11

Multi-joint, structural exercises involving many muscle groups at once.
Select exercises that direct axial force vectors through spine and hip and apply heavier loads than single-joint assistance exercises.
Progressive overload to stress the musculoskeletal system, and cont. to progressively increase load as the tissues become accustomed to stimulus.
Use heavy-load, ballistic, high-impact exercises to expose bone to different intensities of force.
Vary exercise selection to change distribution of force to present unique stimulus for new bone formation.