ERP ADD 4- RADIOLOGICAL OPERATIONS Flashcards
Radioactive contamination :
presence of an UNWANTED radioactive source that has been RELEASED (Intentional or unintentional ) from its specified container…results are people contaminated and/or radiation exposure
Routes of Exposure:
- INHALATION
- ingestion
- absorption
- penetration/injections
Alpha:
-inhalation
-1-2 inches
SHIELDING - INTACT SKIN, INCHES OF AIR, SHEET OF PAPER
(least dangerous)
Beta:
- inhalation, penetration of skin up to 1/4”(includes eyes)
- up to 10 feet
- shielding - approx 1 inch of : plastic/glass/aluminum
Gamma
-WHOLE BODY HAZARD
-several HUNDRED FEET
Shielding: SEVERAL INCHES OF : LEAD, CONCRETE, STEEL—FOOT OF DIRT, WATER
NEUTRON
-whole body
Several hundred feet
Shielding: HIGH HYDROGEN content material: 3 feet of water, 1 foot of concrete, 10 inches of plastic
For ALL RADIATION,,, PPE:
SCBA/BUNKER GEAR/HOOD/GLOVES
ACUTE DOES:
large does in SHORT period of time…example: sun burn
smaller does of sun over longer period will not cause burn
IMMEDIATE BIOLOGICAL effects of radiation (acute does):
burns
reddening
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, hair loss, decreased organ function
Long Term biological effects:
-cancer
genetic defects
reproductive effects
death
burns on the scene or days after may be CHEMICAL or THERMAL in nature….radiation burns take longer and will not appear right way
Any readings relayed MUST include proper unit:
mR or REM versus mR/hr or REM/hr
operating at RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY requires RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
Note: one SCBA bottle last less than half hour…therefore, the dose of member will receive operating for DURATION OF ONE SCBA BOTTLE will be less than the rate number on the METER READOUT…EXAMPLE: 50 mR/hr will receive a dose of 50 mr if operating an hour…..member will only receive 25 mR operating for 1/2hour
DOSE:
AMOUNT of radiation deposited or absorbed in the body (example: TOTAL MILES FOR ODOMETER READING)
- MEASURED in uR- microrem….mR-millirem. or Rem
Rate:
how FAST RADIATION IS DEPOSITED (EXAMPLE: MPH- SPEedometer reading)
-measured in uR/hr, mR/hr, Rem/hr
RAD 50 will saturate at :
50 mR/hr (RATE) (RAD 50 can measure radiation levels up to 50mR/hr–this is well below the rate at which signs and symptoms of acute radiation exposure is observable
HOTLINE : 2 mR/hr
Alarms: 1 mR/hr
Normal background radiation for NYC area?
.02mR/hr to .05mR/hr (mentioned in RAD 50) OR 20uR/hr to 50uR/hr
- carry RAD 50 when:
- OUT OF QUARTERS
- afid
- complaints
- during the assessment of emergencies and fires
RADIOLOGICAL INCIDENT:
-Average annual does or radiation people receive from background sources is 360 mr per year /1 mR PER DAY
radiological meter readings are ABOVE BACKGROUND from a legit source and the source HAS NOT BEEN RELEASED from its container…may also be NATURALLY EMITTING SOURCE
to establish this situation as an INCIDENT, readings must be confirmed from SECOND METER
Radiological Incidents may have background readings from:
- occupancies- MEDIcal, research, industry/construction sites
- containers/packages–ship/store radioactive materials
- PEOPLE who received radiological medical treatment (RAD 50 may alarm near someone…such as thallium stress test)
Managing Radiological Incident:
A. CONFIRM initial readings with SECOND METER
B. Determine location of SOURCE
C. verify situation involves legitimate source , that has NOT BEEN RELEASED from its container
D. TRANSMIT appropriate 10-80 code
**special call HAZ-MAT tech unit to respond with radiological metering devices for events involving legitimate sources emitting radiation levels GREATER than RAD 50 can detect—-example: over 50mR/hr)
E. ZERO OUT and don DOSIMETER
note: for example, a package shipped according to DOT guidelines can emit radiation levels as high as 200mR/hr and a different meter with greater detection may be needed on scene to determine if the ventilation is a Incident or Emergency
Radiological EMERGENCY:
involves source that is OUT OF ITS CONTAINER, either ACCIDENTALLY OR INTENTIONALLY…also encompasses situation where radiological readings are above WHAT IS EXPECTED FOR A SPECIFIC LOCATION
-readings MUST BE CONFIRMED by SECOND METER to establish EMERGENCY (same as incident)
TRANSMIT 10-80 FOR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY
ACCIDENTAL RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY:
-Released from container:
Examples:
A. release or spill at medical or research facility/construction site
B. RELEASE in Transport : package breached,inappropriate packaging..readings ABOVE TRANSPORT INDEX
C. package containing radiological material INVOLVED IN FIRE
D. Orphan source- ABANDONED SOURCE–OWNERSHIP NOT KNOWN and NO CRIMINAL INTENT
INTENTIONAL radiological EMERGENCY:
A. RDD-radiological dispersal device-solid/liquid/gas
- Dirty Bomb-can involving explosives
- above background readings at MULTIPLE LOCATIONS
- expect contamination;internal/external exposures
B. RED- radiological EXPOSURE DEVICE -involves pOINT SOURCE to intended to expose specific person or population to doses of radiation -smaller, MORE LIMITED HOT ZONE than RDD -may be securely hidden -contamination is NOT EXPECT if material is contained ...expect external exposure C. RID-radiological INCENDIARY DEVICE -dirty fire -DELAY FIRST RESPONDERS -greatest dangers from expanding fire -contamination..external/internal D. IND-Improvised Nuclear Device -HIGH LEVELS -EXTENSIVE CASUALTIES -HIGHER DOSES -MODIFIED OPS
If a RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY is considered SUSPICIOUS/INTENTIONAL, consider ?
SECONDARY DEVICES
DECISION DOSE: WHOLE BODY:
50 REM–LIFESAVING FOR CATASTROPHIC EVENT
25 REM- LIFESAVING OR PROTECTION OF LARGE POPULATIONS
10 REM- PROTECTION OF MAJOR PROPERTY
5 REM- GENERAL OPERATIONS AT RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY
Units responding to an IND , SHOULD NOT enter the area of DETONATION FOR AT LEAST _____minutes ?
15 minutes POST -DETONATION
Isolate:
isolate area and RESTRICT ACCESS TO HOT ZONE…
members shall NOT operate beyond HOT ZONE, EXCEPT FOR LIFE SAVING PURPOSES
CONTAIN:
protect exposures
- initially shut down air intakes for surrounding buildings
- reevaluate for HVAC systems being restarted
Evacuate:
evacuate civilians from buildings and surrounding areas
projected dose- 5 for general population
10 REm- for non ambulatory –hospital/prison/nursing home
-time permits evacuation civilians before a radioactive plume arrives (in an incident involving radioactive material aerosolized through fire or other means of dispersal)
SHELTERING in place may be viable option if RAPid evacuation is impeded and or is not feasible …building materials provide substantial protection against radiation….actions involving evacuation or sheltering in place should be taken before the anticipated dose is realized
DECON:
decon and implement DRY DECON MEASURES to expedite transfer of patients to EMS for treatment and transport
In almost all cases of public contamination resulting from ACCIDENTS or RDD and RID attacks, LIFE THREATENING INJURIES should be addressed PRIOR to the DEcON of the injured..
LEVEL OF RADIATION to First Responders would NOT POSE SIGNIFICANT immediate threat to FIRST RESPONDERS during the time needed to treat life threats
(treat life threats over decon)
If members and equipment are sufficient, they shall be rotated ?
1 SCBA TANK EXPENDED OR 5 Rem
OPERATING TIME: ENTRY/WORKING/EXIT TIME:
100 R/hr- 15 min
50 R/hr-30 min
25 R/hr- 60 min
16.7 R/hr- 90 min
- LEVLS OF RADIATION DECLINE exponentially as distance from the source increases, if the distance from the radiological source is DOUBLED , the rate will drop 1/4 of its original rate
example: 1 foot goes 2 feet /doubled, then 100 rem/hr drops to 25 rem/hr (1/4)
Contamination Spread:
upon CONFIRMATION of a release from a RADIOLOGICAL dispersal device or RADIOLOGICAL INCENDIARY DEVICE, units in SURROUNDING BOROUGHS SHOULD IMMEDIATELY MONITOR their RESPONSE AREA FOR any changes in the LEVELS OF BACKGROUND RADIATION using RAD Documentation forms…..FORWARD TO FDOC to assist OPERATIONS SECTION CHIEF
Rad 50:
on at ALL TIMES, when responding and returning from alarms …BISP, MUD, other outside activities
-when device reads 1mR/hr…it will SOUND ALARM…any alarm requires SECOND METER CONFIRMATION
If radiological EMERGENCY involves FIRE:
EXTINGUISHING FIRE is HIGH PRIORITY , to facilitate rescue, evacuation and radiological contamination control
RAD 50 takes ________for a change to be indicated on LCD display/readout?
FULL MINUTE
ZONES:
ACTION LEVEL : 1 MR/HR
HOT ZONE established rate of : 2 mR/hr—life saving operations and major property protection/marked with RED hazardous materials tape
- HOTLINE is edge of HOT ZONE and point after which NO CONTAMINATION is present
- GREATER than 2mR/hr is HOT ZONE
- less than 2mR/hr is COLD ZONE
- WARM ZONE is specific area near edge of hotline , USUALLY superimposed in the cold zone
- WARM ZONE does NOT ENCIRCLE source of radiation, rather it is a SMALL DEFINED LOCATION used for DECONTAMINATION or as SAFE REFUGE AREA , where radiation levels are as low as possible
- command post in COLD ZONE
*if radioactive material is dispersed, removal of PPE should not be initiated until the member is evaluated AND DECONTAMINATION VERIFIED *
Radiation detector?
at least 1 PER TEAM
DOSIMETER- ONE PER POSITION
- when a members dosimeter reads 5 REM:
- NOTIFY OFFICER and if staffing permits , leave HOT ZONE and proceed to WARM ZONE FOR DECON…if not staffing, continue LIFE SAFETY OPERATIONS and monitor dosimeter
- continue to notify officer for each additional 5 REMS dose received :
- LOCATION
- ACTIVITY PERFORMED
- RADIOLOGICAL RATE AND DOSE
L.A.R.D
FACTORS to consider when selecting Decon Site:
- Proximity to incident
- Wind direction
- Terrain
- Water run off
Priority of DECON:
- PATIENTS with LIFE THREATS (INJURIES AFFECTING ABC’S)
- Patients SEVEReLY contaminated, but are not symptomatic
- remaining patients: A. PREGNANT WOMEN
B. CHILDREN
C. SENIOR CITIZENS
D. NON LIFE THREATS
DeCon Procedurs:
Dry Decon(remove clothes/brushing with tape)..clothes will remove LARGE AMOUNTS -Wet Decon--large scale/quick way
Label Packages:
Radioactive White I-almost NO RADIATION present
max level of surface- .5mR/hr
-instruments/material low level
Radioactive Yellow II- LOW LEVELS of radiation
- max- 50mR/hr–surface
- max level - 1mR/hr—one meter from package
Radioactive Yellow III- HIGHER LEVELS MAX LEVEL- 200mR/hr-surface max level- 10mR/hr --one meter required for following: LARGE QUANTITY -special permit Dept. of TRANSPORTATION -hazardous characteristics associated with RADIOACTIVITY
TRANSPORT INDEX: GAMMA ONLY
-PACKAGE should not exceed 10 mr/HR
TOTAL SHIPMENT may not exceed 50 mr/HR
Members must wear SCBA while operating in hOT ZONE, however if all hazards have been identified and the atmosphere has sufficient oxygen , the OPERATIONS CHIEF may decide members can operate with APR PAPR, N95
APR may be useful when members are :
- operating in WARM ZONE performing DECON
- members SCBA near empty but are out of immediate hazard area or out of an area involved in fire
-EACH MEMBER MUST DON DOSIMETER WHILE OPERATING AT RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY
GAMMA stopped by concrete or lead several inches thick
BETA stopped by wood, aluminum , plastic inch thick
ALPHA stopped by material thin as paper
