Enzymes

Question 1

What is an Oxidoreductase?

Answer 1

Enzyme that transfers electrons in redox reactions.

Question 2

What is a Dehydrogenase?

Answer 2

Transfers hydrogen atoms in a reaction.

Question 3

What is a Transferase?

Answer 3

Transfers functional groups between molecules.

Question 4

What is a Hydrolase?

Answer 4

Breaks bonds using water (hydrolysis).

Question 5

What is a Lyase?

Answer 5

Cleaves bonds without hydrolysis or oxidation.

Question 6

What is a Ligase?

Answer 6

Joins molecules together using ATP.

Question 7

What is an Isomerase?

Answer 7

Changes substrates into their isomeric forms.

Question 8

What is a Competitive Inhibitor?

Answer 8

Molecule that mimics substrate and blocks enzyme activity.

Question 9

What is a Noncompetitive Inhibitor?

Answer 9

Molecule that binds to an enzyme at a different site, altering its function.

Question 10

What is Enzyme Repression?

Answer 10

Regulatory mechanism where excess product stops enzyme production.

Question 11

What is NAD?

Answer 11

Most common electron carrier in metabolic reactions.

Question 12

What is Aerobic Metabolism?

Answer 12

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, producing 36-38 ATP.

Question 13

What is Anaerobic Metabolism?

Answer 13

Final electron acceptor is an organic or inorganic compound, producing 2-36 ATP.

Question 14

What is Fermentation?

Answer 14

Uses organic compounds as electron acceptors, producing ATP, alcohols, and acids.

Question 15

What is Alcoholic Fermentation?

Answer 15

Converts pyruvate into ethanol and CO2.

Question 16

What is Homolactic Fermentation?

Answer 16

Reduces pyruvate to only lactic acid.

Question 17

What is Heterolactic Fermentation?

Answer 17

Converts glucose into lactic acid, acetic acid, and CO2.

Question 18

What is Mixed Acid Fermentation?

Answer 18

Converts pyruvate into multiple types of acids.

Question 19

What is Chemiosmosis?

Answer 19

Process where hydrogen ions create a concentration gradient for ATP production.

Question 20

What is the Terminal Step of ETS?

Answer 20

Cytochrome oxidase picks up hydrogen and forms water with oxygen.

Question 21

What are Lipases?

Answer 21

Break down fats into glycerol, which enters glycolysis.

Question 22

What is Beta Oxidation?

Answer 22

Oxidation of fats to generate energy.

Question 23

What are Proteases?

Answer 23

Break down proteins into amino acids.

Question 24

What is Deamination?

Answer 24

Removal of amino groups from amino acids.

Question 25

What is Amphibolism?

Answer 25

Pathways that integrate catabolism and anabolism.

Question 26

What is the Light Dependent Reaction?

Answer 26

Catabolic reaction that requires light for photosynthesis.

Question 27

What is the Light Independent Reaction?

Answer 27

Anabolic reaction that uses Calvin cycle for carbon fixation.

Question 28

What is metabolism?

Answer 28

All chemical reactions and workings of a cell.

Question 29

Define anabolism.

Answer 29

Synthesis of cell molecules and structures.

Question 30

Define catabolism.

Answer 30

Break the bond of larger molecules to release energy.

Question 31

What are enzymes?

Answer 31

Proteins that may require cofactors and act as organic catalysts.

Question 32

What is the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?

Answer 32

Lower activation energy required for chemical reactions to proceed.

Question 33

List some unique characteristics of enzymes.

Answer 33

* Shape * Specificity * Function

Question 34

What is the size relationship between enzymes and their substrates?

Answer 34

Enzymes are much larger in size than their substrates.

Question 35

How do enzymes affect metabolic reactions?

Answer 35

Enable metabolic reactions to proceed at a speed compatible with life.

Question 36

What factors greatly affect enzymes?

Answer 36

Temperature and pH.

Question 37

What is an apoenzyme?

Answer 37

Protein portion of the enzyme.

Question 38

Define cofactor.

Answer 38

Non-protein portion of the enzyme.

Question 39

What is a coenzyme?

Answer 39

Organic factors that work with apoenzymes to alter substrates.

Question 40

What is a simple enzyme composed of?

Answer 40

Consists of protein alone.

Question 41

What is a substrate?

Answer 41

Molecule upon which enzymes act.

Question 54

What are enzymes?

Answer 54

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms.

Question 55

True or False: Enzymes are consumed in the reactions they catalyze.

Answer 55

False

Question 56

What is the active site of an enzyme?

Answer 56

The active site is the region on the enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.

Question 57

Fill in the blank: Enzymes are made up of ______.

Answer 57

proteins

Question 58

Which factor does NOT affect enzyme activity?

Answer 58

The color of the enzyme

Question 59

What is the role of a substrate in an enzymatic reaction?

Answer 59

The substrate is the reactant that an enzyme acts upon.

Question 60

What term describes the maximum rate of reaction for an enzyme?

Answer 60

Vmax

Question 61

True or False: All enzymes require cofactors to function.

Answer 61

False

Question 62

What is a cofactor?

Answer 62

A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound that is required for the enzyme's activity.

Question 63

Which of the following is an example of an enzyme? A) Amylase B) Glucose C) Starch

Answer 63

A) Amylase

Question 64

What does the term 'enzyme specificity' refer to?

Answer 64

Enzyme specificity refers to the ability of an enzyme to choose exact substrates from a group of similar chemical molecules.

Question 65

Fill in the blank: Enzymes lower the _______ energy of a reaction.

Answer 65

activation

Question 66

What is an enzyme inhibitor?

Answer 66

An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that decreases or stops the activity of an enzyme.

Question 67

True or False: Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme.

Answer 67

True

Question 68

What is the difference between competitive and non-competitive inhibitors?

Answer 68

Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site, while non-competitive inhibitors bind to another part of the enzyme.

Question 69

What is the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?

Answer 69

Enzyme activity typically increases with temperature up to a certain point, after which it decreases due to denaturation.

Question 70

Fill in the blank: The pH level can affect enzyme activity; most enzymes work best at a pH of around ______.

Answer 70

7

Question 71

What is enzyme denaturation?

Answer 71

Enzyme denaturation is the process in which the enzyme loses its three-dimensional structure, leading to loss of activity.

Question 72

What is the term for the model that describes how enzymes and substrates fit together?

Answer 72

Induced fit model

Question 73

True or False: Enzymes can catalyze multiple types of reactions.

Answer 73

False

Question 74

What is an allosteric site?

Answer 74

An allosteric site is a specific location on an enzyme where a molecule can bind, affecting the enzyme's activity.

Question 75

Fill in the blank: Enzymes can be regulated by molecules called ______.

Answer 75

effectors

Question 76

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down hydrogen peroxide?

Answer 76

Catalase

Question 77

What is the significance of enzyme kinetics?

Answer 77

Enzyme kinetics studies the rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and how they change in response to changes in conditions.

Question 78

What does Km represent in enzyme kinetics?

Answer 78

Km is the Michaelis constant, representing the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is half of Vmax.

Question 79

True or False: Enzymes can only function within a narrow range of conditions.

Answer 79

True