Eassy Flashcards
What is the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology?
The flow of genetic information: DNA → RNA → Protein.
What is Transcription?
The process where RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA from a DNA template.
What is Translation?
Ribosomes read mRNA codons to assemble amino acids into proteins.
What is mRNA?
Carries genetic instructions from DNA to ribosomes.
What is tRNA?
Brings amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
What is rRNA?
Forms part of ribosomes and aids in protein synthesis.
How are Viruses classified as Non-Living?
Lack metabolism, independent reproduction, and cellular structure.
How are Viruses classified as Living?
Contain genetic material, evolve, and direct host cell machinery to replicate.
What is the Bacteriophage Life Cycle?
Involves lytic (host lysis) and lysogenic (integration into host DNA) cycles.
What is the Animal Virus Life Cycle?
Viruses enter host via endocytosis or fusion and replicate inside cells.
What is Bacteriostatic?
A concentration that inhibits bacterial growth but does not kill bacteria.
What is Bactericidal?
A concentration that kills bacteria completely.
What is Autoclaving?
Sterilization using high-pressure steam to kill all microbes.
What is Ionizing Radiation?
Sterilization method using gamma rays to damage microbial DNA.
What is Ethanol (70%)?
A disinfectant that denatures proteins and dissolves lipids.
What is Chlorine (Bleach)?
Oxidizes microbial components and disinfects surfaces.
What is Hydrogen Peroxide?
Kills microbes by generating reactive oxygen species.
What is a Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitor?
Antibiotics like Penicillin that prevent bacterial cell wall formation.
What is a Protein Synthesis Inhibitor?
Antibiotics like Tetracyclines that block bacterial ribosomes.
What is a Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitor?
Antibiotics like Ciprofloxacin that inhibit DNA replication enzymes.
What is a Metabolic Pathway Inhibitor?
Antibiotics like Sulfonamides that block folic acid synthesis in bacteria.
What is a Cell Membrane Disruptor?
Antibiotics like Polymyxins that alter bacterial membrane permeability.
What is Quorum Sensing?
Bacterial communication mechanism that regulates gene expression based on population density.
What is Biofilm Formation?
Microbial communities form protective layers for survival in hostile environments.
What is the role of enzymes in biological reactions?
Enzymes act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in biological systems.
True or False: All enzymes are proteins.
False. Some enzymes are RNA molecules, known as ribozymes.
Fill in the blank: The region on an enzyme where substrates bind is called the __________.
active site
What is the function of viral capsids?
Viral capsids protect the viral genetic material and aid in the delivery of the virus into host cells.
Describe the lytic cycle of a virus.
The lytic cycle involves the virus infecting a host cell, replicating its genetic material, assembling new virions, and then causing the host cell to lyse, releasing the new viruses.
What is genetic recombination?
Genetic recombination is the process by which genetic material is physically mixed during meiosis, leading to offspring with combinations of traits from both parents.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a method of microbial control? A) Pasteurization B) Fermentation C) Photosynthesis D) Respiration
A) Pasteurization
True or False: Antibiotics are effective against viral infections.
False. Antibiotics are effective against bacteria, not viruses.
What is biotechnology?
Biotechnology is the use of living organisms or their products to develop useful products or processes.
Fill in the blank: The process of using microorganisms to break down pollutants is known as __________.
bioremediation
What are plasmids and their significance in genetic engineering?
Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria that can replicate independently and are often used as vectors for gene cloning.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses? A) They can reproduce independently B) They contain genetic material C) They can evolve D) They require a host cell to replicate
A) They can reproduce independently
What are restriction enzymes and their role in biotechnology?
Restriction enzymes are proteins that cut DNA at specific sequences, used in cloning and genetic engineering.
True or False: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, harmful, or neutral.
True.
What is the purpose of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
PCR is a technique used to amplify small segments of DNA, making millions of copies for analysis.
Fill in the blank: The __________ hypothesis states that enzymes are specific to their substrates.
lock and key
What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity is the body’s first line of defense, while adaptive immunity develops over time and involves specific responses to pathogens.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a vector used in genetic engineering? A) Yeast B) Bacteriophage C) Both A and B D) None of the above
C) Both A and B
What are the main components of a virus?
A virus typically consists of genetic material (DNA or RNA) and a protein coat called a capsid.
True or False: All microbial control methods are equally effective against all types of microorganisms.
False. Different methods vary in effectiveness depending on the type of microorganism.
What is gene therapy?
Gene therapy is a technique that modifies a person’s genes to treat or prevent disease.
Fill in the blank: __________ are proteins that facilitate chemical reactions in the body without being consumed.
Enzymes
What is the significance of the Human Genome Project?
The Human Genome Project aimed to map all the genes in the human genome, advancing our understanding of genetics and disease.
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is an application of biotechnology? A) Vaccines B) Genetic testing C) Biopharmaceuticals D) All of the above
D) All of the above
