Enforcing law and order Flashcards

1
Q

Geographical organisation of medieval England

A

Shire = county

Hundred = divided shires into hundreds

Parish = small community, 10 per hundred

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2
Q

Court organisation of medieval England

A

Royal court

Shire court

Hundred court

Church court

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3
Q

Royal court in medieval England

A

For the most important crimes such as treason
Or if a nobleman was on trial
Oversaw by king

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4
Q

Shire court

A

2nd most important for serious crimes like murder

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5
Q

Hundred/ manor court

A

Owned by a private landowner
For petty crimes
Jury consisted of a local Lord or a JP and locals
Considered hearsay over evidence

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6
Q

Church court

A

Only for clergy for moral crimes such as adultery or not knowing the Bible
Judged by bishops and priests

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7
Q

Advantages of medieval court system

A

Crimes being judged were fit for the judge

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8
Q

Disadvantages of medieval court system

A

Based on hearsay rather than evidence
Jury consists of locals in low level courts so they could have a grudge on the defendant and get them declared guilty, or try protect them

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9
Q

Who was responsible for enforcing the law in medieval era?

A

Local/self policing
But developed roles such as Sheriff, JP, chief Constable, parish Constable and night watchmen

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10
Q

Methods of medieval self policing

A

Tithings
Hue and cry

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11
Q

Medieval tithings and how they worked

A

Groups of 10 men
If a member committed a crime it was everyone else in the tithing’s responsibility to bring him to justice

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12
Q

Hue and cry method and how it worked

A

If the tithing members weren’t present to tackle the criminal, victim would cry for help
Then everyone who heard should come and help

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13
Q

The medieval sheriff

A

A royal official who was responsible for order in a shire (county)
Was a volunteer but had high social status

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14
Q

What was the job of a medieval sheriff

A

Raise a posse to capture criminals who escaped the hue and cry method

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15
Q

Medieval posse

A

A group of armed men who helped the sheriff capture escaped criminals

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16
Q

County assizes

A

When the royal court would go to every county and hear the serious crimes committed there
Carried on from medieval era to 1971

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17
Q

How did the medieval policing system develop?

A

They appointed the parish constable and chief Constable
JPs as in pain volunteers who set up courts to hear cases as magistrates

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18
Q

How did policing change in early modern era?

A

A rise in civic duty with increased responsibility on the JP, Parish Constable, Town watchmen etc
But still responsibility remained on the local community to an extent

19
Q

Why did policing change In early modern era?

A

Because of a rising population, people lived in larger communities so it was easier to get away
More mobility to get away with crime

20
Q

Civic duties in early modern era

A

JP
Parish Constable
Town watchman

21
Q

JP in early modern era

A

Started in medieval era but became more important now
Responsibility for law and order in their county

22
Q

JP in early modern era roles

A

Act as a magistrate in court
Deal with bridge and road repairs
License ale houses (sold alcohol)
Check accuracy of shop measurements
Supervise poor relief
Arrest and interrogate people

23
Q

Petty sessions (early modern)

A

A local court where a few JPs would hold court sessions to deal with petty crimes like theft

24
Q

Quarter sessions (early modern)

A

A court the JPs would hold to judge more serious crimes ie murder
4 times per year

25
Q

Assize courts in early modern era

A

JPs would pass very serious offences such as witchcraft up to the royal court

26
Q

How did the role of the JP change in early modern era?

A

Increased responsibility and duties
To the point it became a burden as the job was unpaid

27
Q

Who organised the Parish Constable and Town watchmen in early modern era?

A

The JPs

28
Q

Watchmen in early modern era

A

All men in a town had to volunteer
Would patrol streets of a large town every night
Not paid

29
Q

How did the role of the town watchman change at the end of early modern era?

A

Charles II paid for a group of them to patrol out of taxes, marking a shift when the responsibility of law and order fell on powerful figures rather than local community
But mocked for being low paid

30
Q

The Parish Constable in early modern era

A

Appointed by JP but unpaid so were mostly local farmers = self policing
Did day to day maintenance of the law

31
Q

Roles of Parish Constable

A

Kept order in ale houses
Keep peace in Parish
Capture stray farm animals
Arrest criminals
Whip vagrants
Prevent trespassing

32
Q

How was self policing still kept in early modern era?

A

All local people were duty bound to help Parish Constable if requested
Could be randomly selected to be PC
Had to volunteer as Townwatchman
All parishes had to upkeep poor law and oversaw road building

33
Q

How did policing change in industrial era?

A

Self policing and civic duties weren’t as effective and were strained
So organised police forced began to be set up

34
Q

What in industrial England caused the system of policing to change?

A

Rapid crime rates increase due to urbanisation and overpopulation
Local experiments found more effective methods
Rising threat of revolution

35
Q

Problems with civic duties in industrial England

A

JPs = corrupt
Townwatchmen = ineffective and largely mocked
Parish Constable = hated their job

36
Q

Thief takers (industrial England)

A

People who captured criminals then claim an award for turning them in

37
Q

Problems with thief takers (industrial)

A

Som were corrupt like Jonathon Wild:
Would steal goods then advertise them in newspapers to find owner for its return for a fee = planted the crime
Negotiated with criminals or even black mailed them
Caused more crime = became organised crime

38
Q

Civic duties

A

Someone’s responsibility as a citizen in society
Eg to volunteer to be parish constable, JP etc

39
Q

Private police force

A

The police that tackle crime not government funded and a separate company
Used in early industrial era

40
Q

Bow street runners (industrial)

A

Set up by brothers Henry and John Fielding and a group of men who would patrol around streets from their base in bow street

41
Q

What did Bow Street runners use to help them? (Industrial)

A

Newspapers:
Advertised their force
Encouraged public help
Shared info about criminals + encouraged people to report info of them

42
Q

Were the Bow Street runners effective? (Industrial)

A

Mostly in the area they patrolled as crime did decrease
But in other areas it didn’t because they only worked in a small area

43
Q

Arguments in favour of supporting a formal police force in industrial England

A

Private forces only effective in their area
Cons tables + JPs overworked = ineffective
Violent crime and theft rising
People didn’t respect civic duties
New life or urbanisation meant police force had to adapt to this
Fear of working class revolution in UK (increase of riots)

44
Q

Arguments against a formal police force in industrial england

A

Government could abuse police force to remove opposition
Not the government’s responsibility
An invasion of citizens privacy
It wouldn’t be effective, we need deterrence not a police force