Energy Balance

Question 1

What is the formulation for energy balance

Answer 1

🔺ES = EA - EEx

ES - change in bodily energy stores
EA - energy ingested
EEx - energy expended

Question 2

What are the abbreviations for BAT, ETS, ExEE, NAD, PAEE, PAL, TCA cycle, TDEE

Answer 2

BAT - Brown Adipose Tissue
ETS - Electron Transport System
ExER - Exercise Energy Expenditure
NAD - Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
PAEE - Physical Activity Energy Expenditure
PAL - Physical Activity Level
TCA - Tricarboxylic Acid cycle
TDEE - Total Daily Energy Expenditure

Question 3

How is the daily ATP requirement primarily met

Answer 3

Rapidly resynthesizing ATP from ADP and P in the mitochondria

Stored ATP would only be able to provide several seconds worth of energy to contracting skeletal muscle

Question 4

What is the final oxidizing agent in the electron transport chain

Answer 4

Oxygen

Question 5

What decreases the accuracy of energy expenditure when using indirect calorimetry

Answer 5

When substantial amounts of ATP are generated anaerobically

Question 6

What is metabolic efficiency and inefficiency characterized as

Answer 6

Metabolic efficiency maximizes ATP production relative to heat loss

Metabolic inefficiency is characterized by increased heat production and lessened synthesis of ATP molecules relative to the potential energy in a macronutrient

Under normal conditions, cellular oxidation of glucose results in greater heat production than energy conserved as ATP

Question 7

What is white adipose tissue

Answer 7

Primary site of energy storage and is responsible for the secretion of various hormones such as leptin

Question 8

What is brown adipose tissue

Answer 8

Responsible for the dissipation of energy in the form of heat by way of less efficient coupling of oxidation and phosphorylation

Question 9

Amount of what type of fat is inversely related to BMI

Answer 9

Brown adipose tissue

Question 10

List two adipocity related signals

Answer 10

Leptin

Insulin

Question 11

What is RMR

Answer 11

Energy expended by an individual for cellular processes necessary to maintain life while lying supine in a postabsorptive awakened state

Question 12

RMR accounts for what percentage of energy expenditure in sedentary and athletic individuals

Answer 12

Sedentary: 70-75%

Athletes: ~50%

Question 13

RMR decreases how much in men and women

Answer 13

Men: 3% per decade

Women: 2% per decade

Question 14

When is RMR measured

Answer 14

Measured for 30-60 minutes in the early morning, approximately 10-12 hours after the previous evening’s meal in the recumbent position in thermoneutral conditions

Question 15

TEF of mixed meal, fat, carbs, and protein

Answer 15

Mixed meal: 10%

Fat: 3%

Carbs: 5-10%

Protein: 20-30%

Question 16

List orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones

Answer 16

Orexigenic: Ghrelin

Anorexigenic: Cholecystokinin (CCK), Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP 1), and Peptide YY (PYY)

All stimulate the vagus nerve

Question 17

What are the most common bacterial divisions in the gut

Answer 17

Firmicutes

Bacteroidetes

Question 18

Metabolic changes that may lead to weight regain

Answer 18

Decreased RMR

Decreased TEF

Increased metabolic efficiency

Reduced circulating leptin and insulin

Increased orexigenic peptides

Reduced anorexigenic peptides