Child And Adolescent Athletes

Question 1

When does the NSCA say a strength and conditioning program can begin

Answer 1

5-6 years of age

Most commonly they begin at 12 years

Question 2

Percentage of increased bone accrual in prepubertal phase of adolescence

Answer 2

0.6-1.7%/year

Question 3

Percent of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle in healthy individuals vs obese individuals

Answer 3

Healthy: 90%

Obese: 50%

Question 4

What two conditions have been directly linked to increased insulin resistance in the pediatric population

Answer 4

Increased visceral fat distribution

Hepatic steatosis

Question 5

Irrespective of changes in body composition what type of exercise can improve markers of insulin sensitivity

Answer 5

Consistent, vigorous exercise (>80% maximal heart rate)

Question 6

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends a reduction in what to help prevent pediatric obesity

Answer 6

Sugar sweetened beverages

Reductions in soda and fruit juices resulted in an increase in coffees, teas, and sports drinks

Question 7

Girls who experience early menarche (<11 years) are more likely to experience what compared to girls who experience menarche normally (>14 years)

Answer 7

More likely to become overweight

Less sensitive to insulin

Question 8

Explain Tanner Stages

Answer 8

Sexual maturity ratings (scale 1-5)

Females: based on appearance and development of breasts and pubic hair

Males: based on testicular and penile development, along with development and patterning of pubic hair

Question 9

Over- and undernutrition have what effect on puberty in girls

Answer 9

Overnutrition hastens puberty

Undernutrition delays puberty

Question 10

Females can achieve what percentage of total strength and upper body strength compared to males

Answer 10

Total strength: 70%

Upper body strength: 30-50%

Question 11

What hormones promote deposition of more body fat than muscle in women

Answer 11

Estrogen

Progesterone

Question 12

Pubertal changes affecting sports performance in females

Answer 12

Increase in percent body fat

Reduced hemoglobin levels

Lung volume and aerobic capacity reduced

Early maturers have increased levels of adiposity

Improved balance and flexibility

Question 13

Pubertal boys who are obese have what hormones affected

Answer 13

Lower serum sex hormone binding globulin

Lower testosterone

Increase in aromatization of testosterone to estradiol

Question 14

What does increased estradiol lead to in pubertal men

Answer 14

Skeletal maturation and increase risk of gynecomastia

Question 15

What are the 3 major areas of psychological development

Answer 15

Cognition

Psychosocial relationships

Emotional development

Question 16

What macronutrient storage is reduced during puberty

Answer 16

Glycogen storage

During Tanner stages 2-4 insulin sensitivity is reduced by 30%

Question 17

List hydration guidelines for the below:

Fluid replacement for children during exercise

Postexercise rehydration requirements
Exercising children 9-12

Exercising children 13-18

Answer 17

Fluid replacement for children during exercise: 13 ml/kg

Postexercise rehydration requirements: 4 ml/kg

Exercising children 9-12: 100-250 ml every 20 minutes

Exercising children 13-18: 1-1.5 L/hr

Question 18

List illnesses that may affect fluid status

Answer 18

Uncontrolled type 1 and 2 diabetes

Obesity

Cystic fibrosis

Febrile illnesses

Graves’ disease

Question 19

Caloric burden for synthesizing new tissue in well nourished children and teens

Answer 19

2 kcal/g of daily weight gain

Question 20

Calorie recommendation adequate energy availability for optimal health and performance vs inadequate energy availability

Answer 20

Adequate energy availability: 45 kcal/kg FFM

Inadequate energy availability: <30 kcal/kg FFM

Question 21

Physiological alterations at the metabolic level in the underfueled athlete

Answer 21

Decreased REE

Suppressed Triiodothyronine (T3), insulin like growth factor 1, leptin concentrations

Elevated reverse T3, ghrelin, PYY, cortisol

Question 22

Downregulation of metabolic rate can manifest as

Answer 22

Bradycardia

Hypothermia

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS)

Question 23

How many days of dietary recalls are needed for children and teens

Answer 23

Children: 6-9
Teens: 3-6

Question 24

What are vulnerable nutrients in the pediatric population

Answer 24

Vitamin D
Calcium
Iron
Potassium
Fiber

Question 25

Protein recommendations for adolescent athletes

Answer 25

1.35-1.6 g/kg/day

Question 26

Causes of iron deficiency in young athletes

Answer 26

Increase needs

Lack of dietary iron

Coexistence of vitamin d deficiency

Undiagnosed celiac disease

Undiagnosed helicobacter pylori infection

Overuse of NSAIDs

Question 27

What is hepcidin
When do levels increase

Answer 27

A peptide hormone that inhibits intestinal iron absorption and sequesters iron in the macrophage

Levels increase in response to intense training

Question 28

When is bone accrual highest

Answer 28

Early puberty phase of childhood

Question 29

3 most common nutrients concern in youth athletes

Answer 29

Vitamin D

Iron

Calcium

Question 30

Briefly explain different learning styles of the below groups

Younger children and early adolescents

Later/older adolescents

Older/late adolescents

Answer 30

1 - concrete thinkers, require very specific recommendations and instructions

2 - abstract thinkers, will need more detail to explain the “why”

3 - autonomy, best to meet with them by themselves

Question 31

What macronutrient oxidation is higher in youth athletes

Answer 31

Fat oxidation

Question 32

List 3 aspects of nutrient metabolism and thermoregulation that are unique in youth athletes

Answer 32

Limited endogenous glycogen stores

Higher fat oxidation

Rely more heavily on radiative and conductive cooling