Child And Adolescent Athletes Flashcards
When does the NSCA say a strength and conditioning program can begin
5-6 years of age
Most commonly they begin at 12 years
Percentage of increased bone accrual in prepubertal phase of adolescence
0.6-1.7%/year
Percent of glucose uptake in skeletal muscle in healthy individuals vs obese individuals
Healthy: 90%
Obese: 50%
What two conditions have been directly linked to increased insulin resistance in the pediatric population
Increased visceral fat distribution
Hepatic steatosis
Irrespective of changes in body composition what type of exercise can improve markers of insulin sensitivity
Consistent, vigorous exercise (>80% maximal heart rate)
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends a reduction in what to help prevent pediatric obesity
Sugar sweetened beverages
Reductions in soda and fruit juices resulted in an increase in coffees, teas, and sports drinks
Girls who experience early menarche (<11 years) are more likely to experience what compared to girls who experience menarche normally (>14 years)
More likely to become overweight
Less sensitive to insulin
Explain Tanner Stages
Sexual maturity ratings (scale 1-5)
Females: based on appearance and development of breasts and pubic hair
Males: based on testicular and penile development, along with development and patterning of pubic hair
Over- and undernutrition have what effect on puberty in girls
Overnutrition hastens puberty
Undernutrition delays puberty
Females can achieve what percentage of total strength and upper body strength compared to males
Total strength: 70%
Upper body strength: 30-50%
What hormones promote deposition of more body fat than muscle in women
Estrogen
Progesterone
Pubertal changes affecting sports performance in females
Increase in percent body fat
Reduced hemoglobin levels
Lung volume and aerobic capacity reduced
Early maturers have increased levels of adiposity
Improved balance and flexibility
Pubertal boys who are obese have what hormones affected
Lower serum sex hormone binding globulin
Lower testosterone
Increase in aromatization of testosterone to estradiol
What does increased estradiol lead to in pubertal men
Skeletal maturation and increase risk of gynecomastia
What are the 3 major areas of psychological development
Cognition
Psychosocial relationships
Emotional development
What macronutrient storage is reduced during puberty
Glycogen storage
During Tanner stages 2-4 insulin sensitivity is reduced by 30%
List hydration guidelines for the below:
Fluid replacement for children during exercise
Postexercise rehydration requirements
Exercising children 9-12
Exercising children 13-18
Fluid replacement for children during exercise: 13 ml/kg
Postexercise rehydration requirements: 4 ml/kg
Exercising children 9-12: 100-250 ml every 20 minutes
Exercising children 13-18: 1-1.5 L/hr
List illnesses that may affect fluid status
Uncontrolled type 1 and 2 diabetes
Obesity
Cystic fibrosis
Febrile illnesses
Graves’ disease
Caloric burden for synthesizing new tissue in well nourished children and teens
2 kcal/g of daily weight gain
Calorie recommendation adequate energy availability for optimal health and performance vs inadequate energy availability
Adequate energy availability: 45 kcal/kg FFM
Inadequate energy availability: <30 kcal/kg FFM
Physiological alterations at the metabolic level in the underfueled athlete
Decreased REE
Suppressed Triiodothyronine (T3), insulin like growth factor 1, leptin concentrations
Elevated reverse T3, ghrelin, PYY, cortisol
Downregulation of metabolic rate can manifest as
Bradycardia
Hypothermia
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS)
How many days of dietary recalls are needed for children and teens
Children: 6-9
Teens: 3-6
What are vulnerable nutrients in the pediatric population
Vitamin D
Calcium
Iron
Potassium
Fiber
Protein recommendations for adolescent athletes
1.35-1.6 g/kg/day
Causes of iron deficiency in young athletes
Increase needs
Lack of dietary iron
Coexistence of vitamin d deficiency
Undiagnosed celiac disease
Undiagnosed helicobacter pylori infection
Overuse of NSAIDs
What is hepcidin
When do levels increase
A peptide hormone that inhibits intestinal iron absorption and sequesters iron in the macrophage
Levels increase in response to intense training
When is bone accrual highest
Early puberty phase of childhood
3 most common nutrients concern in youth athletes
Vitamin D
Iron
Calcium
Briefly explain different learning styles of the below groups
Younger children and early adolescents
Later/older adolescents
Older/late adolescents
1 - concrete thinkers, require very specific recommendations and instructions
2 - abstract thinkers, will need more detail to explain the “why”
3 - autonomy, best to meet with them by themselves
What macronutrient oxidation is higher in youth athletes
Fat oxidation
List 3 aspects of nutrient metabolism and thermoregulation that are unique in youth athletes
Limited endogenous glycogen stores
Higher fat oxidation
Rely more heavily on radiative and conductive cooling
