Endocrine System Flashcards
Endocrine Gland
ductless gland
secretion released directly into bloodstream
Exocrine Gland
secretion drained by ducts onto body surface or into body cavity
Hormones
substances made in one part of the body and transported to another to affect chem action or secretion of other hormones
Target Cells
cell a hormone affects
have receptors for specific types of hormones
Circulating Hormones
enter bloodstream to go to cells far away
can result in hormone buildup in ppl w/ kidney or liver failure
Local Hormones
do not enter bloodstream
Paracrine
local hormone acting on neighboring cells
Autocrine
local hormone acting on same cell that secreted it
Permissive Effect
effect of one hormone on a cell requires another hormone to enhance target cell response or increase activity of the hormone
Synergistic Effect
sum effects of 2 hormones is greater than the effect of each hormone apart
Antagonistic Effect
one hormone is opposed by another
Humoral Stimuli
changing levels of ions and nutrients in bloodstream causes hormone secretion
Hormonal Stimuli
release of other hormones causes hormone secretion
Neural Stimuli
signals from nervous system causes hormone secretion
Pituitary Gland
master endocrine gland
secretes 7 hormones
Hypothalamus
link bringing together nervous and endocrine systems
makes oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone, regulatory hormones
Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus Regulation
growth, development, metabolism, homeostasis
Infundibulum
stalk of pituitary gland that attaches to hypothalamus
Anterior Lobe of Pituitary Gland
stimulated by releasing hormones
suppressed by inhibiting hormones
Somatotrophs
in anterior lobe
make hGH for body growth and metabolism
Thyrotrophs
in anterior lobe
makes Thyroid SH for control of thyroid gland
Gonadotrophs
in anterior lobe
makes Follicle SH and Luteinizing H for secretion of estrogen and progesterone; maturation of oocytes; secretion of testosterone; making sperm
Lactotrophs
make Prolactin for milk production
Corticotrophs
make Adrenocorticotropic H
for stim of adrenal glands to make glucocorticoids
make Melanocyte SH for skin pigmentation
Posterior Lobe of Pituitary Gland
stores and releases Oxytocin and ADH
Oxytocin
stimulates contraction of uterus and release of milk
made by hypothalamus
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
decreases water loss by kidneys and stimulates arteriole constriction
made by hypothalamus
Thyroid Gland
contains thyroid follicles
stores its own products
Follicular Cells
makes T3 and T4
Parafollicular Cells
C Cells
make Calcitonin
T3 and T4
increase basal metabolic rate- body temp
Parathyroid Gland
have Chief Cells that make Parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid Hormone
raises calcium levels in blood
Adrenal Gland
consists of capsule, cortex, and medulla
Zona Glomerulosa
control water and electrolyte balance
Zona Fasciculata
increase fat and protein breakdown makes glucose stress resistance anti-inflammatory hormone depress immune response
Zona Reticularis
make male sex hormone
no effect
Adrenal Medulla
has chromaffin cells for epinephrine and norepinephrine
Pineal Gland
has pinealocytes that make melatonin
Melatonin
antioxidant protecting CNS
maintains circadian rhythms
Pancreas
Exocrine- digestive enzymes
Endocrine- hormones to raise and lower blood glucose lvls
Acini
exocrine cells of the pancreas that make digestive enzymes
Islets of Langerhans
Endocrine cells of Pancreas
A, B, D, F cells
Alpha Cells
make glucagon for raising blood glucose levels
Beta Cells
make insulin to lower blood glucose levels
Delta Cells
inhibits growth hormone
F Cells
inhibits gall bladder contraction
Ovaries
make ovum; estrogen and progesterone
Estrogen
regulates development and maintenance of female sex organs and secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone
prepares uterus for pregnancy
Testosterone
development and function of male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics
