Endocrine Emergencies Flashcards
Adrenal Cortex
The outer part of the adrenal glands that produces corticosteroids
Adrenal Glands
Paired glands located above the kidneys; each adrenal gland consists of an inner adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
The inner part of the adrenal gland that produces catecholamins (epi and norepinephrine)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Hormone that targets the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol
Agonists
Molecules that bind to a cell’s receptors and trigger a response by that cell. Agonists produce some kind of action or biological effect
Androgens
Male sex hormone that regulate body’s changes associated with sexual development, including growth spurts, deeping of the voice facial hair etc
ADH
A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary
Lobe of the pituitary gland. It also constricts blood vessels and raises BP also called vasopressin
Calcitonin
The hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that helps maintain normal calcium levels in the blood
Catecholamines
Hormones produced by the adrenal medulla that assist the body in coping with physical and emotional stress by increasing the pulse and RR and BP
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Inadequate production of cortisol and aldosterone by the adrenal gland
Corticosteroids
Hormones that regulate the body’s metabolism the balance of salt and water in the body, the immune system and sexual function
Cortisol
Hormone that stimulates most body cells to increase their energy production
Cushing Syndrome
A condition caused by an excess of cortisol production by the adrenal glands or by excessive use of cortisol or other similar corticosteroid hormones
Diabetes Mellitus
Disease characterized by the body inability to sufficiently metabolize glucose. The condition occurs wither because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the cells do not respond to the effects of the insulin that is produced
DKA
A form of acidosis in uncontrolled diabetes in which certain acids accumulate when insulin is not available
Dyslipidemia
An excessive level of lipids circulating in the blood increasing the risk of atherosclerosis and CAD
Endocrine glands
Glands that secrete or release chemicals that are used inside the body. Endocrine glands lack ducts and release hormones directly into the surrounding tissue and blood
Epinephrine
Hormone produced by the adrenal medulla that plays a vital role in the function of the sympathetic nervous system
Estrogen
One of the three major female hormones. At puberty estrogen brings about the secondary sex characteristics
Exocrine glands
Glands that excrete chemical for elimination
Exophthalmos
Protrusion of the eyes from the normal position within the socket
Gestational Diabetes
Diabetes the develops during pregnancy in women who did not have diabetes before pregnancy
Glands
Cells or organs that selectively remove, concentrate, or alter materials in the blood and then secrete them back into the body
Glucagon
Hormone produced by the pancreas that is vital to the control of the body’s metabolism and blood glucose level. Glucagon stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Goiter
A visible mass in the anterior part of the next cause by enlargement of the the thyroid gland
Gonads
The reproductive glands; the main sex hormone
Graves Disease
An autoimmune disorder that causes thyroid gland hyper trophy and severe hyperthyroidism
Hashimoto Disease
A type of hyperthyroidism in which the thyroid gland becomes enlarged as it is infiltrated by t lymphocytes and plasma cells
Helper T cell
A type of T lymphocyte that is involved in both cell mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses. The cells secrete cytokines that stimulate the B cells and other T cells
Homeostasis
A tendency to constancy or stability in the body’s internal environment
Hormones
Chemicals screwed by the body that regulate many body functions such as growth, reproduction, temperature, metabolism and BP
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high blood glucose level
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma
Is a metabolic derangement that occurs primarily in patients with type two diabetes. The condition is characterized by hyperglymecemia, hyperosloarity and an absence of significant ketosis.
Hypoglycemia
Abnormally low blood sugar levels
Hypothalamus
A small region of the brain that a contains several control centers for the body functions and emotions. It is the primary link between the endocrine system and the nervous system
Inborn errors of metabolism
A group of congenital conditions that cause either accumulation of toxins or disorders characterized by an infants failure to thrive and vague signs such as poor feelings
Insulin
Hormone produced by pancreas that is vital to the control of the body’s metabolism and blood glucose level. Insulin causes sugar , fatty acids and amino acids to be taken up and metabolized by cells
Insulin resistance
Condition in which the pancreas produces enough insulin but the body cannot effectively use it
Iodine
An essential element in the diet and an important component of thryoxine. Without the proper level of iodine intake, thyroxine cannot be produced and physical and mental growth and diminished
Ischemia
Tissue anoxia from diminished blood flow to tissues usually caused by narrowing or occlusion of the artery.
Islets of Langerhans
A specialist group of cells in the pancreas where insulin and glucagon are produced
Killer T cells
Cytotoxic T cells that attack and phagocytize antigens in order to halt their reproduction
Limo lysis
The metablos minute of stored fate that has been released in the circulation.
Luteinizing Hormone
Hormone that regulates the production of both eggs and sperm as well as production of reproductive hormones
Lymphocytes
White blood cells that assist the lymphatic system
Lymphokines
Cytokines release by lymphocytes including many of the interleukins, gamma interferons, tumor necrosis factor beta, and chemokines
Microangiopathy
Microscopic deterioration of vessel walls caused primarily by adherence of blood lipids to vessels walls
Myxedema coma
A rare condition that can occur in patients who have severe untreated hypothyroidism
Necrosis
Tissue death usually caused by cessation of blood supply
Norepinephrine
Hormone produced by the adrenal glands that is vital in the caution of sympathetic nervous system
Ovaries
Female gonads
Pancreas
The digestive gland that’s created digestive enzymes into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. The pancreas is considered both and endocrine gland an exocrine gland
Panhypopituitarism
The inadequate production of absence of the pituitary hormones, including andrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, thyroxine, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, estrogen, testosterone, growth hormone, and ADH
Parathyroid hormone
A hormone secreted by the parathyroid a that act as an antagonist to calcitonin. PTH is secreted when calcium blood levels are low
Pheochromocytoma
A tumor of the adrenal gland usually in the medulla that causes excessive release of the the hormones epi and norepi.
Pineal gland
A gland in the brain the synthesizes and secrets melatonin, a hormone that affects patters of sleep and wakefulness.
Pituitary gland
Gland whose secretions control or regulate the secretions of other endocrine glands. Often called the master gland
Pre tibial myxedema
An orange peel appearance and no pitting edema of the skin on the anterior part of the leg below the knee
Primary adrenal insufficiency
Also known as Addison disease. A rare condition in which the adrenal glands produce an insufficient amount of adrenal hormones
Progesterone
One of the three major female hormones
Secondary adrenal insufficiency
A common condition characterized by a lack of andrenocorticotropic hormone secretion from the pituitary gland
Sine wave
An unusual waveform that has a repetitive, uniform see-saw pattern, representing an alternating current also known as a sinusoid all waveform
Somatostatin
A hormone that inhibits insulin resistance and glucagon secretion from the pancreas
Suppressor T cells
Lymphocytes that modulate the immune response to avoid injury body systems
Target tissues
Tissues on which horns ones are directed to act
Testes
Male go as located in the scrotum that produce hormones called androgens
Testosterone
The most important androgen in men
Thymus gland
A gland that helps the immune system indenting and destroy components foreign to the body
Thyroid
Large gland located at the base of the neck that produces and excretes hormones that influence growth, development and metabolism
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Hormone that controls the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland
Thyroid storm
A rare life threatening condition that may occur in patients with thyrotoxicosis. The condition is usually triggered by a stressful event or increase volume of thyroid hormones in the circulation
Thyrotoxicosis
A toxic condition caused by excessive levels of circulating thyroid hormone
Thyroxine
The body’s major metabolic hormone. Thyroxine stimulates energy production in cells, in which increase the rate at which the cells consume oxygen and use carbohydrates, fats and proteins
Type 1 diabetes
The type of diabetic disease that usually states in childhood and requires daily to injections of supplemental synthetic insulin to control blood glucose levels
Type 2 Diabetes
The type of diabetic disease that usually starts in later life and often can be controlled through diet and oral medications
Addison Crisis
Acute adrenal insufficiency
