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Cold War > End of the Cold War > Flashcards

End of the Cold War Flashcards

1
Q

END OF THE COLD WAR

A

END OF THE COLD WAR

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2
Q

What was in short supply in the USSR?

A

Consumer goods

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3
Q

What was there a focus on with the economy?

A

Heavy industry

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4
Q

Why was there no innovation or foreign investment in business?

A

There was a state monopoly on business

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5
Q

How much aid did Cuba and Vietnam receive each year?

A

$1 billion per year

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6
Q

What was the size of the Soviet GDP as a % of the US GDP in 1984?

A

37%

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7
Q

What was the size of the Soviet GNP as a % of the US GNP in 1984?

A

52%

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8
Q

What % of GDP was the USA spending on its military in 1989?

A

7%

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9
Q

What % of GDP was the Soviet Union spending on its military in 1989?

A

27%

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10
Q

How much did the USA spend on defence in 1989?

A

$254 billion

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11
Q

How much did the USSR spend on defence in 1989?

A

$134 billion

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12
Q

How much of its revenue did the Soviet government lose in its anti-alcohol campaign?

A

1/3

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13
Q

What % of grain did the USSR produce in comparison to the USA?

A

2/3

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14
Q

How many times more farm workers did the USSR have than the USA?

A

8 times more

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15
Q

How much did East Germany owe Western banks by 1981?

A

$12.8 billion

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16
Q

What was the GDP per capita in the USSR in 1989?

A

$2700

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17
Q

What was the GDP per capita in the USA in 1989?

A

$22,600

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18
Q

What was the GDP per capita in West Germany in 1989?

A

$18,000

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19
Q

What type of war was fought in Afghanistan?

A

Guerrilla warfare

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20
Q

What is the USSR estimated to have spent on the war in Afghanistan?

A

$50 billion

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21
Q

What is the official number of soldiers who were killed in Afghanistan?

A

15,000

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22
Q

What is the CIA estimate for the number of Soviet soldiers killed in Afghanistan?

A

50,000

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23
Q

What did Gorbachev describe the war in Afghanistan as in 1986?

A

A ‘bleeding wound’

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24
Q

What programme did the CIA fund from 1979 to train mujahideen fighters?

A

Operation Cyclone

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25
Q

When did the mujahideen receive stinger missiles from the USA?

A

1986

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26
Q

How many mujahideen fighters did the US train over the course of the war?

A

100,000

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27
Q

How much did the USA spend in supporting anti-Soviet resistance via the Reagan Doctrine?

A

$20 billion

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28
Q

What was US defence spending in 1980?

A

$71 billion

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29
Q

What was US defence spending in 1981?

A

$147 billion

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30
Q

How much did the SDI programme from 1983 to 1987 cost?

A

$200 billion

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31
Q

When did Gorbachev become General Secretary?

A

September 1985

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32
Q

When was the Geneva Summit between Reagan and Gorbachev?

A

November 1985

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33
Q

What was the joint statement at the Geneva Summit in November 1985?

A

‘A nuclear war cannot be won and must never be fought’

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34
Q

Where and when did Reagan and Gorbachev meet for the 2nd time?

A

At the Reykjavik Summit in October 1986

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35
Q

What treaty was agreed at the Washington Summit in 1987?

A

The INF Treaty

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36
Q

What did the INF treaty do?

A

Ended the deployment of all medium-range nuclear missiles

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37
Q

When was the INF treaty signed?

A

At the Moscow Summit in 1988

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38
Q

How many missiles had been destroyed by 1991?

A

2692

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39
Q

Why was the Malta Summit in 1989 significant?

A

It is seen as the end of the Cold War

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40
Q

What did Perestroika allow foreign companies to do?

A

Own up to 49% of a Soviet business

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41
Q

What does glasnost mean?

A

Openness

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42
Q

What was the Soviet media allowed to do during glasnost?

A

Point out social and economic problems

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43
Q

What 2 things meant glasnost was a problem for the Soviet government?

A
  • Chernobyl
  • War in Afghanistan - people found out the truth
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44
Q

When did Gorbachev announce the end of the Brezhnev Doctrine?

A

7th December 1988 in a speech at the United Nations General Assembly

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45
Q

What did Gorbachev say was key in restructuring society in his speech at the UN?

A

Making it ‘more truly democratic’

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46
Q

What was established in 1988 to make the USSR more democratic?

A

The Democratic Union

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47
Q

When was Article 6 of the constitution cancelled, which guaranteed the communist party had a leading role?

A

February 1990 - meant the Communist Party no longer had a leading role in the USSR

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48
Q

When were the first genuine free elections held in the USSR?

A

March 1989

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49
Q

WHY DID COMMUNISM COLLAPSE IN THE LATE 1980S

A

WHY DID COMMUNISM COLLAPSE IN THE LATE 1980S

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50
Q

How had Hungary started to reform before the collapse of communism?

A
  • Little censorship
  • Differences of opinion from communist line tolerated
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51
Q

What brought waves of protest in Hungary?

A

The anniversary of Nagy’s death

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52
Q

When was Kadar replaced as General Secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party by Karoly Grosz?

A

May 1988

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53
Q

When were free elections in Hungary announced?

A

June 1989

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54
Q

What did the new Hungarian government order the dismantling of?

A

The border fence between Hungary and Austria

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55
Q

When was Nagy given a state funeral?

A

16th June 1989

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56
Q

When did the communist regime officially end in Hungary?

A

23rd October 1989

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57
Q

Why was the Solidarity movement in Poland halted in December 1981?

A

Jaruzelski imposed martial law - leading members of Solidarity arrested

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58
Q

When were Solidarity leaders given amnesty?

A

1986

59
Q

What led to a wave of strikes and protests across Poland in February 1988?

A

Food prices raised - Poland heavily in debt to Western creditors

60
Q

When were Solidarity invited by Jaruzelski to round table talks?

A

February 1989

61
Q

What were 3 agreements at the Polish round table talks?

A
  • Legalising trade unions
  • New president
  • Move towards free elections
62
Q

What were the Polish communists guaranteed in the Polish June 1989 elections?

A

65% of seats in the Sejm

63
Q

Of 161 seats available in the Sejm, how many did Solidarity win, shattering the legitimacy of the communists?

A

160 seats

64
Q

What % of the vote did Lech Walesa win in the first Polish presidential election in Winter 1990?

A

74.25%

65
Q

Who did Lech Walesa replace as president of Poland?

A

Jaruselski

66
Q

Who served as General Secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party from 1954 to 1989?

A

Todor Zhivkov - most loyal leader in the Warsaw Pact

67
Q

When did the Politburo in Bulgaria request Zhivkov’s resignation?

A

November 1989

68
Q

Why did Zhivkov resign as leader of Bulgaria in November 1989?

A

The army supported the reformers

69
Q

Who replaced Todor Zhivkov in Bulgaria?

A

Peter Mladenov

70
Q

What did Peter Mladenov immediately announce after replacing Zhivkov?

A

That free elections would be held in 1990

71
Q

What did the Bulgarian communist party rebrand itself as?

A

The Democratic Socialist Party (BSP)

72
Q

When was the BSP part of a coalition government in Bulgaria?

A

1992 to 1994

73
Q

When did the BSP win a majority in Bulgaria?

A

1994

74
Q

What were people in East Germany aware of?

A

That their counterparts in the West had a much higher standard of living

75
Q

How much if its GDP was the SED in the GDR spending per budget?

A

9% - highest in the Warsaw Pact

76
Q

What was General Secretary of the East German Communist Party Honecker responsible for?

A

The building of the Berlin Wall

77
Q

What did Honecker refuse to consider which all other Eastern European countries had adopted?

A

Perestroika

78
Q

Why did Honecker refuse to consider Perestroika?

A

The GDR was more economically advanced that the rest of the USSR

79
Q

When did Gorbachev attend the GDR for its 40th anniversary?

A

October 1989

80
Q

What did crowds in East Berlin shout at Gorbachev when he visited?

A

‘Gorby help us’

81
Q

What did Gorbachev say to Honecker when trying to convince him to reform?

A

‘Life punishes those who come late’

82
Q

When did the GDR ban travel?

A

3rd October 1989

83
Q

How many protested against the SED in Leipzig on the 9th October 1989?

A

70,000

84
Q

How many protested in the GDR on the 16th October 1989?

A

120,000

85
Q

When was there a misannouncement on the opening of the Berlin border?

A

9th November 1989

86
Q

What did Honecker say about the Berlin Wall in January 1989?

A

That the wall would stand for another 100 years

87
Q

What did the 4 former allies agree in 1990?

A

That Germany should be reunified

88
Q

How many East Germans left for the West by the end of 1990?

A

600,000

89
Q

Why were the France and UK concerned about a reunified Germany?

A

The feared that a reunified Germany would dominate Europe

90
Q

What German party campaigned for the fastest possible route to German reunification in the March 1990 election?

A

Christian Democratic Union (CDU)

91
Q

What % of the vote did the CDU win in the March 1990 election on what turnout?

A

48% of the vote on a 93% turnout

92
Q

What did Kohl agree to in order to reunify Germany?

A

To match the Ostmark and Deutschmark 1:1, even though the Deutschmark was 4 times more valuable

93
Q

What did Kohl promise Britain and France to persuade them to support German reunification?

A

That Germany would remain part of NATO and the EEC

94
Q

What did Gorbachev promise East Germany in December 1989?

A

‘No harm would come to the GDR’

95
Q

How did Kohl convince the USSR to support German reunification?

A

The USSR would receive 12 billion DM in return for removing all their troops by 1994

96
Q

When did the 4 wartime allies agree to give up the rights they had held over Germany since 1945?

A

September 1990

97
Q

When was German reunification?

A

3rd October 1990

98
Q

Who led Czechoslovak protests in 1989?

A

Vaclav Havel

99
Q

When was there a student demonstration in Prague?

A

17th November 1989

100
Q

What happened after student protestors in Czechoslovakia were attacked by the police?

A

Hundreds of thousands took to the streets

101
Q

When did the Czechoslovak communist party relinquish power, knowing it had lost the support of the army?

A

28th November 1989

102
Q

Who became the head of state in Czechoslovakia after the communist party relinquished power?

A

Vaclav Havel

103
Q

When was the Velvet Divorce?

A

1st January 1993

104
Q

What did Nicolae Ceausescu build in Romania during his austerity programme?

A

A massive 1000 room palace in the centre of Bucharest

105
Q

When did the Romanian Revolution start?

A

17th December 1989

106
Q

How many died in the Romanian Revolution?

A

1000 died

107
Q

When were Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife shot?

A

25th December 1989

108
Q

Who replaced Nicolae Ceausescu and what did he immediately announce the abolition of?

A

Ion Iliescu - announced the abolition of the one party system

109
Q

What party was in power in Romania until 1996?

A

The National Salvation Front

110
Q

CONSEQUENCES OF THE COLLAPSE OF COMMUNISM

A

CONSEQUENCES OF THE COLLAPSE OF COMMUNISM

111
Q

What are the 4 factors in a 20 marker about the consequences of the collapse of communism?

A
  • Political instability
  • Political stability
  • German reunification
  • Yugoslavian civil war
112
Q

How was Gorbachev seen across Eastern Europe?

A

A hero who had removed the threat of Soviet repression and gave them democracy and freedom

113
Q

Why was Gorbachev unpopular in Russia?

A

Perestroika had led to higher prices

114
Q

Where was there nationalist opposition to the Soviet Union?

A

Georgia and the Baltic States

115
Q

When did Lithuania and Estonia declare independence?

A

March 1990

116
Q

When did the USSR invade Lithuania?

A

January 1991

117
Q

How many were killed when the USSR invaded Lithuania?

A

19

118
Q

What did Gorbachev not want to see?

A

The break up of the USSR

119
Q

When did Gorbachev propose the New Union Treaty to keep the USSR together?

A

April 1991

120
Q

What happened right before the New Union Treaty was due to be signed?

A

The August Coup

121
Q

What did the leaders of the August Coup want to do?

A

Turn back the clock to the days of authoritarian rule

122
Q

When did Gorbachev resign and disband the Central Executive Commitee?

A

24th August 1991

123
Q

When did the Soviet Union officially cease to exist?

A

25th December 1991

124
Q

When did Yeltsin try to shut down Parliament?

A

1993

125
Q

Who did Russian politicians try to replace Yeltsin with?

A

Rutosky

126
Q

How many died when Yeltsin shelled the White House?

A

147

127
Q

How many died in the Chechnyan War from 1994 to 1996?

A

100,000

128
Q

Who won the first multi-party elections in Yugoslavia in 1990?

A

The Serbs

129
Q

When did Slovenia and Croatia declare independence?

A

June 1991

130
Q

When did Bosnia and Herzegovina declare independence?

A

March 1992

131
Q

When did the Yugoslav army invade Croatia?

A

Summer of 1991

132
Q

What town on the Croat-Serb border was completely destroyed?

A

Vukovar

133
Q

When did the UN order a ceasefire in Yugoslavia?

A

1992

134
Q

When did the fighting in Yugoslavia continue?

A

1995

135
Q

How many died in the war between Croatia and Serbia?

A

20,000

136
Q

What were both Croatians and Serbs guilty of in the fighting?

A

Ethnic cleansing

137
Q

Where did Serb forces attack after Bosnia-Herzegovina declared independence in March 1992?

A

Sarajevo

138
Q

How long was the siege of Sarajevo?

A

4 years

139
Q

How many were massacred by the Serbs in Srebrenica in 1995?

A

8000

140
Q

How many died in the Bosnian war?

A

100,000

141
Q

How many Serbs were put on trial at the International War Crimes Tribunal?

A

94 Serbs

142
Q

How many Croats were put on trial at the International War Crimes Tribunal?

A

29 Croats

143
Q

How many Bosniaks were put on trial at the International War Crimes Tribunal?

A

9 Bosniaks

Cold War (26 decks)

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