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Cold War > 8.3 - Why did communism collapse in the late 80s? > Flashcards

8.3 - Why did communism collapse in the late 80s? Flashcards

1
Q

When did Gorbachev announce that the Brezhnev doctrine would no longer be enforced?

A

At a speech to the UN in December 1988

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2
Q

What did the ending of the Brezhnev doctrine mean?

A

The Soviet Union would no longer stop a country from trying to be communist

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3
Q

HUNGARY - THE FIRST TO CRACK

A

HUNGARY - THE FIRST TO CRACK

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4
Q

How had Hungary already started to reform before the collapse of communism?

A
  • Small businesses allowed to operate privately
  • Little censorship of media
  • Differences of opinion from the communist line tolerated
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5
Q

What brought waves of protest in Hungary?

A

The anniversary of Imre Nagy’s death

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6
Q

When was Janos Kadar replaced as general secretary of the Hungarian Communist Party by Karoly Grosz?

A

May 1988

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7
Q

What did the Hungarian government do to aid economic reform?

A

They secured a 1 billion mark loan from West German banks

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8
Q

When were free elections in Hungary announced?

A

June 1989

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9
Q

What did the new Hungarian government order the dismantling of?

A

The border fence between Hungary and Austria

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10
Q

How did the dismantling of the border fence between Hungary and Austria affect East Germany?

A

Many East Germans travelled into Austria and then claimed asylum in West Germany

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11
Q

When did the communist regime officially end in Hungary?

A

23rd October 1989

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12
Q

When was Imre Nagy given a state funeral?

A

16th June 1989

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13
Q

POLAND - SOLIDARITY TAKES POWER

A

POLAND - SOLIDARITY TAKES POWER

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14
Q

What did Polish leader Jaruzelski do in December 1981 to end the Solidarity movement?

A

Impose martial law

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15
Q

How much did the USA give Solidarity per year?

A

$50 million

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16
Q

What happened to Lech Walesa and other Solidarity leaders after martial law was imposed in Poland?

A

They were imprisoned

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17
Q

When were the Solidarity leaders released from prison?

A

Late 1982

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18
Q

When were the political prisoners granted an amnesty by Jaruzelski?

A

1986

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19
Q

What did Jaruzelski do in February 1988 which led to a wave of strikes and protests across Poland?

A

Raised food prices as they were heavily in debt to Western creditors

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20
Q

When did Jaruzelski invite Solidarity to round-table talks on reform with the aim of keeping the communist party intact?

A

February 1989

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21
Q

What were 3 agreements at the round-table talks with Solidarity?

A
  • Legalising of trade unions
  • A new president
  • Move towards free elections
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22
Q

What were the Communists guaranteed in the Polish June 1989 elections?

A

65% of seats in the Sejm (Polish parliament)

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23
Q

Of 161 available seats in the Polish June 1989 election, how many seats did Solidarity win?

A

160

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24
Q

Who won the first Polish presidential election in 1990 on what % of the vote?

A

Lech Walesa - 74.25%

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25
Q

BULGARIA - THE LOYAL SOVIET ALLY

A

BULGARIA - THE LOYAL SOVIET ALLY

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26
Q

Who served as general secretary of the Bulgarian Communist Party from 1954 to 1989?

A

Todor Zhivkov

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27
Q

What was Bulgaria’s reputation?

A

They were the most compliant of the Warsaw Pact countries

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28
Q

Why did the Bulgaria system of following the Soviet system start failing?

A

By the 1980s Bulgaria struggled to meet its debt repayments

29
Q

When did the politburo request Zhivkov’s resignation?

A

November 1989

30
Q

Why did Zhivkov step down as leader of Bulgaria?

A

Hew was informed that the army supported the reformers

31
Q

Who was Zhivkov’s successor?

A

Petar Mladenov

32
Q

What did Petar Mladenov announce immediately after succeeding Zhivkov as leader of Bulgaria?

A

That free elections would be held in 1990

33
Q

What did the Bulgarian Communist party rebrand itself as?

A

The Democratic Socialist Party (BSP)

34
Q

In what years were the BSP part of a coalition government in Bulgaria?

A

1992 to 1994

35
Q

When did the BSP win a majority in Bulgaria?

A

1994

36
Q

EAST GERMANY - HONECKER IS TOO LATE

A

EAST GERMANY - HONECKER IS TOO LATE

37
Q

What were East Germans aware of?

A

That their counterparts in the West had a much higher standard of living

38
Q

How much of its GDP was the SED in East Germany spending per budget?

A

9% - highest in the Warsaw Pact

39
Q

What thing did East Germany do as a way of gaining much-needed Western currency?

A

They sold political dissidents and capture escapees to West Germany

40
Q

What was General Secretary of the East German Communist Party Honecker responsible for?

A

The construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961

41
Q

Who had liberated Honecker from the Nazis in 1945?

A

Soviet troops

42
Q

What did Honecker refuse to consider, which other Eastern European countries all adopted?

A

Perestroika

43
Q

Why did Honecker refuse to consider Perestroika?

A

East Germany was more economically advanced than the Soviet Union

44
Q

What did Honecker do in response to Hungary opening its border with the West?

A

He sealed the southern border with Czechoslovakia to stop millions of economically active citizens fleeing West

45
Q

When did Gorbachev attend the GDR for its 40th anniversary?

A

October 1989

46
Q

What did crowds in East Berlin shout at Gorbachev?

A

‘Gorby help us’

47
Q

What did Gorbachev tell Honecker when he visited he GDR?

A

He urged him to reform, telling him that ‘life punishes those who come late’

48
Q

When did the GDR ban travel?

A

3rd October 1989

49
Q

When did 70,000 people protest in Leipzig against the monopoly of power enjoyed by the SED in the GDR?

A

9th October 1989

50
Q

How many protested in the GDR on the 16th October 1989?

A

120,000

51
Q

When was there a misannouncement on the opening of the Berlin border?

A

9th November 1989

52
Q

What did Honecker say about the Berlin Wall in January 1989?

A

That the Berlin Wall would stand for another 100 years - it lasted for only 11 more months

53
Q

CZECHOSLOVAKIA - THE VELVET REVOLUTION

A

CZECHOSLOVAKIA - THE VELVET REVOLUTION

54
Q

Who was at the forefront of Czechoslovakian protests in 1989?

A

Vaclav Havel

55
Q

When was there a student demonstration in Prague?

A

17th November 1989

56
Q

What happened after student demonstrators were attacked by the police?

A

Hundreds of thousands took to the streets

57
Q

When did the Czechoslovak government relinquish power, knowing they no longer had the support of the Soviet army?

A

28th November 1989

58
Q

Who became head of state after the Czechoslovak government relinquished power?

A

Vaclav Havel

59
Q

When was the Velvet divorce?

A

1st January 1993

60
Q

ROMANIA - CEAUSESCU OVERTHROWN

A

ROMANIA - CEAUSESCU OVERTHROWN

61
Q

How did Romania leader Nicola Ceausescu respond to Romania’s debt problem?

A

The introduced a massive programme of austerity

62
Q

What did Ceausescu do at the same time of his austerity programme?

A

He ordered the building of a massive palace in the centre of Bucharest

63
Q

When did the Romanian revolution start?

A

17th December 1989

64
Q

When were the Ceausescus shot?

A

25th December 1989

65
Q

How many died in the Romanian Revolution?

A

1000

66
Q
  1. What party was in power in Romania until 1996?
  2. Who replaced Nicolae Ceausescu and what did he immediately do?
A
  1. National Salvation Front (NSF)
  2. Ion Iliescu - abolished the 1 party system
67
Q

WHY DID COMMUNISM COLLAPSE?

A

WHY DID COMMUNISM COLLAPSE?

68
Q

Why were people in Eastern Europe becoming increasing unrestful?

A

They wanted the consumer goods and basic human rights enjoyed by Western citizens

69
Q

What was Gorbachev’s doctrine called, which made it clear that the Soviet Union would not send in tanks if countries abandoned communist control?

A

‘Sinatra Doctrine’

Cold War (26 decks)

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