Elizabeth's foreign policy 1574-1603 Flashcards
What and when was the Convention of Bristol?
1574- settled bullion disputes, banished English rebels from the Netherlands.
Allowed English merchants in Netherlands to practice Protestantism. BUT Spain refused to discuss government in the Netherlands.
They did replace Alba with the more neutral de Requesens though
What and when was the Pacification of Ghent?
1576- Reaction to the Spanish Fury from the Dutch. Called for the expulsion of all foreign troops in the Netherlands. Elizabeth supported this.
When did Elizabeth authorise Sir Francis Drake’s circumnavigation of the world and why did this annoy the Spanish?
1577- it annoyed them because it was backed by financiers who advocated a seriously Anti-Spanish policy
Who was the new Spanish commander in 1579?
Duke of Parma
When did Philip gain Portugal and what did this mean for Spain?
1579- it meant that their navy was now nearly as big as the English
When was William of Orange assassinated?
1584
Which French noble was running a campaign in the Netherlands that ran against the Duke of Parma’s forces? Why did Elizabeth help him?
Duke of Alencon/Anjou. He was a prominent suitor for marriage
When did Alencon/Anjou withdraw his forces in the Netherlands and what did Liz do to help him?
- In 1580, she sent sent him £100,000 to help him restart the campaign
How did Liz go against her council’s wishes in 1579??
She continued to court the Duke of Alencon/Anjou to buy time for Hawkins to build up the navy. But she can’t yet bring herself to openly oppose the Spanish
When did Alencon/Anjou withdraw his soldiers officially and how long after did he die? What did this mean for Spain and France?
1583- he died 12 months later, leaving Protestant Henry of Navarre next in line for French throne. For Spain, it basically meant inevitable victory for them in the Netherlands
What and when was the Treaty of Joinville?
1584- Philip aligns himself with the Catholic French Guise people in a mission to end all Protestantism in Europe. They formed a Catholic league
What and when was the Treaty of Nonsuch?
1585- Liz agreed to send an army of 7000 troops to help the rebels in the Netherlands. Persuaded to sign it by the Privy Council
Who led the 7000 troops in the Netherlands and what happened?
Leicester. It was a disaster as he was arrogant and incompetent
Who was involved with the attack on Cadiz (‘singeing of the King’s beard’) in 1587 and what happened?
Francis Drake. 30 Spanish ships were sunk. This delayed their preparation for the Armada
When was the Spanish Armada?
1588
Why did the Spanish Armada fail?
Bad weather mostly
Who led the counter attack on Spain after the Armada and when? What happened?
1589- Sir Francis Drake. He disobeys the orders to destroy the remnants of the Armada and does a lacklustre attack on Lisbon- financial failure
When does Henry of Navarre officially become King Henry IV of France? What religion is this guy?
- He becomes Henry IV. He’s a Huguenot who appeals to Liz to help him against the Catholic league formed through Joinville in 1584
What does Liz send Henry IV of France in 1589?
A loan of £20,000 and 300 troops under Willoughby
When did Henry IV of France and Philip II of Spain become allies and what did this mean for Liz?
1598- This was good for Liz because it meant she now had an ally on the French throne
What and when was the Spanish Fury?
1576- Mutiny of Spanish army, ‘sack on Antwerp’. Spanish soldiers raiding Dutch homes. After 4 years at war (ending 1576), the Spanish army had gone bankrupt, which is why these unpaid soldiers were angry
What and when was the 9 years war?
1593-1603 with Ireland.
When was the Earl of Tyrone’s rebellion? How did the Spanish react to this?
1595- Spanish tried to exploit the situation by including some Irishmen in their attempted Armada in 1596. This was unsuccessful.
Which battle was Tyrone victorious at? What was the hopeful outcome of this?
Battle of Yellow Ford 1598. There were hopes for a fully Catholic, independent Ireland
