Elizabeth's foreign policy 1558-1573 Flashcards
What and when was the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis?
1559- France keep Calais for 8 years then return it to England if peace has been maintained. If they don’t return it they pay England £125,000.
When did Liz lose Calais for good and what did this do for her and the relationship with France?
1564- this made her more cautious as she’d had a big scare. Her relationship with France improved though as the presence of Catherine de Medici- mother to the French King and previous wife of Henry II- as she kept the Guises out of power
Who tried to attack the Huguenots in 1562?
Duke of Guise
Who was the Huguenot leader Liz made deals with?
Prince of Conde
What was Elizabeth’s deal with the Huguenots?
6,000 men and a £30,000 loan in return for temporary control at the port of Le Havre
Which nobles pressured Liz to assist the Huguenots?
Dudley and Throckmorton.
Which noble faction did Mary Stuart bring to France through her marriage to Francis II? Who were they and what did they want?
The Guise family. They were fiercely Catholic people who wanted to use Scotland as an instrument of French policy.
What happened to the Huguenot army and how did this impact Liz?
The Huguenot army was defeated and the Prince of Conde was captured. Luckily for them, the Duke of Guise was assassinated so both sides had no leader. They joined forces and drove the English out of Le Havre.
What and when was the Treaty of Troyes?
1564- Lost Calais forever as terms of Cateau-Cambresis had been broken.
How did the Treaty of Troyes impact England and Elizabeth personally?
England- Proved good in the long-term because no worry about the financial burden of upkeeping the garrison in Calais
Elizabeth- knocked her pride substantially. Made her more reluctant to help Protestants in Europe.
Why did relations between France and England improve after 1564?
Catherine de Medici in power= no Guises in power.
When did France finally abandon the idea of putting MQS on the English throne?
1572
What and when was the Treaty of Blois?
1572- Catherine de Medici (France) and Liz forge an alliance against Spain
Where did the French send their troops in 1560 and who did this freak out?
They sent troops to some Scottish garrisons. This freaked out John Knox and the Scottish Lords of Congregation
What religion was John Knox?
He was a radical Calvinist (Protestant)
Why did Liz hate John Knox?
He had published a pamphlet in 1558 that argued biblically against women in power
Which councillor persuaded Liz to help the Scottish Prots and how?
William Cecil- he played on her insecurities about MQS/her husband Francis and also threatened to resign
Where did Liz send her navy in Dec 1559?
She sent them to blockade Firth of Forth in Scotland to help John Knox and the Protestant lords
What and when was the Treaty of Berwick?
1560- Offered unconditional support to the Scottish Protestants. An army was sent North following this, and the French troops were withdrawn. The Lords were accepted as Scottish government.
Who led a coup and took control of Scots and when? What happened as a result? Hint: this is when the Lords of Congregation are in control
1567- Moray, who btw is pro-English.
MQS fled to England, which set off the Northern rebellion and excommunication nonsense
When was Moray assassinated and what did this cause?
1570- Scottish civil war
How did Liz intervene in the Scottish civil war? How did this go for them?
Sent Sussex and troops to Scotland , which looked successful but wasn’t. They moved to Edinburgh= overt Protestant support. Had to withdraw when France threatened war. (1570)
How did Liz intervene with Scotland in 1572?
She helped stop the Earl of Morton become regent. She established Protestant regent council for baby King James VI.
How many times had Liz intervened with the Scottish civil war and what did this mean for the future of her foreign policy?
4- this meant she’d have to do some serious relationship work with France and Spain because she had helped the Prots an awful lot. Domestic and foreign policy were becoming intertwined as a result of MQS.
How much of English trade came through Antwerp and how much of that was woollen cloth?
3/4 and 3/4 again
Why were the Antwerp businessmen angry in 1558?
Mary’s book of rates had increased the prices by 75%, there was piracy on the seas, and Liz had been supporting Prots
What did Cardinal Granvelle of Spain do in 1563 and why?
He banned the import of all English cloth to Antwerp.
What did Cardinal Granvelle (Spain) do in 1563 and why?
He banned the import of all English cloth in Antwerp because he believed that Elizabeth was involved in an international conspiracy in favour of the Protestants
What did Liz do in response to Granvelle’s trade ban in 1563?
Full blown trade embargo with the Netherlands. Only lasted 12 months because it severely impacted both nations
Why was there a brief period of toleration between the Netherlands and England between 1564 and 1567?
There were Calvinist riots in the Netherlands
What did Philip of Spain do in 1567?
He announced a plan to wipe out heresy in the Netherlands and sent an army of 10,000 troops under the Duke of Alba. This army was later increased to 50,000 men.
What had the Spanish army in the Netherlands accomplished by 1568?
They had defeated the Dutch rebels who had been led by William Prince of Orange.
How did Elizabeth respond to the defeat of William of Orange in 1568?
She outwardly condemned events, but many Protestant refugees sought exile in England.
What did Liz do in 1572 that indirectly started the Revolt of the Netherlands?
She expelled the Dutch Sea Beggars sheltering in English ports. They returned home and captured Brill, which triggered the revolt
What did Liz’s actions regarding the Netherlands between 1558 and 1572 prove?
It proved that relying on one source of trade was not a good option. Liz started to look for new options, establishing trade with Russia and Baltic states.
When did Philip of Spain propose marriage to Elizabeth?
1559
Which explorer was attacked by Spanish forces at San Juan de Ulna and why/when? How had the trip been financed?
1564- John Hawkins. He had been financed by Liz, Leicester and Cecil. He returned to England with only 15 men
When did John Hawkins travel to Africa?
1562
Which explorer basically replaced Hawkins when he retired?
Sir Francis Drake
When did Cecil grab a Spanish bullion on the way to the Netherlands?
1562
What and when was the Convention of Nymegen?
1573- Organised a treaty between Spain and England. This basically vowed to cease support for attacks on opposing pioneer trips conducted by explorers such as Drake and Hawkins
