Elizabeth's foreign policy 1558-1573

Question 1

What and when was the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis?

Answer 1

1559- France keep Calais for 8 years then return it to England if peace has been maintained. If they don’t return it they pay England £125,000.

Question 2

When did Liz lose Calais for good and what did this do for her and the relationship with France?

Answer 2

1564- this made her more cautious as she’d had a big scare. Her relationship with France improved though as the presence of Catherine de Medici- mother to the French King and previous wife of Henry II- as she kept the Guises out of power

Question 3

Who tried to attack the Huguenots in 1562?

Answer 3

Duke of Guise

Question 4

Who was the Huguenot leader Liz made deals with?

Answer 4

Prince of Conde

Question 5

What was Elizabeth’s deal with the Huguenots?

Answer 5

6,000 men and a £30,000 loan in return for temporary control at the port of Le Havre

Question 6

Which nobles pressured Liz to assist the Huguenots?

Answer 6

Dudley and Throckmorton.

Question 7

Which noble faction did Mary Stuart bring to France through her marriage to Francis II? Who were they and what did they want?

Answer 7

The Guise family. They were fiercely Catholic people who wanted to use Scotland as an instrument of French policy.

Question 8

What happened to the Huguenot army and how did this impact Liz?

Answer 8

The Huguenot army was defeated and the Prince of Conde was captured. Luckily for them, the Duke of Guise was assassinated so both sides had no leader. They joined forces and drove the English out of Le Havre.

Question 8

What and when was the Treaty of Troyes?

Answer 8

1564- Lost Calais forever as terms of Cateau-Cambresis had been broken.

Question 9

How did the Treaty of Troyes impact England and Elizabeth personally?

Answer 9

England- Proved good in the long-term because no worry about the financial burden of upkeeping the garrison in Calais
Elizabeth- knocked her pride substantially. Made her more reluctant to help Protestants in Europe.

Question 10

Why did relations between France and England improve after 1564?

Answer 10

Catherine de Medici in power= no Guises in power.

Question 11

When did France finally abandon the idea of putting MQS on the English throne?

Answer 11

1572

Question 12

What and when was the Treaty of Blois?

Answer 12

1572- Catherine de Medici (France) and Liz forge an alliance against Spain

Question 13

Where did the French send their troops in 1560 and who did this freak out?

Answer 13

They sent troops to some Scottish garrisons. This freaked out John Knox and the Scottish Lords of Congregation

Question 14

What religion was John Knox?

Answer 14

He was a radical Calvinist (Protestant)

Question 15

Why did Liz hate John Knox?

Answer 15

He had published a pamphlet in 1558 that argued biblically against women in power

Question 16

Which councillor persuaded Liz to help the Scottish Prots and how?

Answer 16

William Cecil- he played on her insecurities about MQS/her husband Francis and also threatened to resign

Question 17

Where did Liz send her navy in Dec 1559?

Answer 17

She sent them to blockade Firth of Forth in Scotland to help John Knox and the Protestant lords

Question 18

What and when was the Treaty of Berwick?

Answer 18

1560- Offered unconditional support to the Scottish Protestants. An army was sent North following this, and the French troops were withdrawn. The Lords were accepted as Scottish government.

Question 19

Who led a coup and took control of Scots and when? What happened as a result? Hint: this is when the Lords of Congregation are in control

Answer 19

1567- Moray, who btw is pro-English.
MQS fled to England, which set off the Northern rebellion and excommunication nonsense

Question 20

When was Moray assassinated and what did this cause?

Answer 20

1570- Scottish civil war

Question 21

How did Liz intervene in the Scottish civil war? How did this go for them?

Answer 21

Sent Sussex and troops to Scotland , which looked successful but wasn’t. They moved to Edinburgh= overt Protestant support. Had to withdraw when France threatened war. (1570)

Question 22

How did Liz intervene with Scotland in 1572?

Answer 22

She helped stop the Earl of Morton become regent. She established Protestant regent council for baby King James VI.

Question 23

How many times had Liz intervened with the Scottish civil war and what did this mean for the future of her foreign policy?

Answer 23

4- this meant she’d have to do some serious relationship work with France and Spain because she had helped the Prots an awful lot. Domestic and foreign policy were becoming intertwined as a result of MQS.

Question 24

How much of English trade came through Antwerp and how much of that was woollen cloth?

Answer 24

3/4 and 3/4 again

Question 25

Why were the Antwerp businessmen angry in 1558?

Answer 25

Mary's book of rates had increased the prices by 75%, there was piracy on the seas, and Liz had been supporting Prots

Question 26

What did Cardinal Granvelle of Spain do in 1563 and why?

Answer 26

He banned the import of all English cloth to Antwerp.

Question 27

What did Cardinal Granvelle (Spain) do in 1563 and why?

Answer 27

He banned the import of all English cloth in Antwerp because he believed that Elizabeth was involved in an international conspiracy in favour of the Protestants

Question 28

What did Liz do in response to Granvelle's trade ban in 1563?

Answer 28

Full blown trade embargo with the Netherlands. Only lasted 12 months because it severely impacted both nations

Question 29

Why was there a brief period of toleration between the Netherlands and England between 1564 and 1567?

Answer 29

There were Calvinist riots in the Netherlands

Question 30

What did Philip of Spain do in 1567?

Answer 30

He announced a plan to wipe out heresy in the Netherlands and sent an army of 10,000 troops under the Duke of Alba. This army was later increased to 50,000 men.

Question 31

What had the Spanish army in the Netherlands accomplished by 1568?

Answer 31

They had defeated the Dutch rebels who had been led by William Prince of Orange.

Question 32

How did Elizabeth respond to the defeat of William of Orange in 1568?

Answer 32

She outwardly condemned events, but many Protestant refugees sought exile in England.

Question 33

What did Liz do in 1572 that indirectly started the Revolt of the Netherlands?

Answer 33

She expelled the Dutch Sea Beggars sheltering in English ports. They returned home and captured Brill, which triggered the revolt

Question 34

What did Liz's actions regarding the Netherlands between 1558 and 1572 prove?

Answer 34

It proved that relying on one source of trade was not a good option. Liz started to look for new options, establishing trade with Russia and Baltic states.

Question 35

When did Philip of Spain propose marriage to Elizabeth?

Answer 35

1559

Question 36

Which explorer was attacked by Spanish forces at San Juan de Ulna and why/when? How had the trip been financed?

Answer 36

1564- John Hawkins. He had been financed by Liz, Leicester and Cecil. He returned to England with only 15 men

Question 37

When did John Hawkins travel to Africa?

Answer 37

1562

Question 38

Which explorer basically replaced Hawkins when he retired?

Answer 38

Sir Francis Drake

Question 39

When did Cecil grab a Spanish bullion on the way to the Netherlands?

Answer 39

1562

Question 40

What and when was the Convention of Nymegen?

Answer 40

1573- Organised a treaty between Spain and England. This basically vowed to cease support for attacks on opposing pioneer trips conducted by explorers such as Drake and Hawkins