Electrolyte Disturbances

Question 1

hypo-Na

Answer 1

nausea and malaise, stupor, coma, siezures

Question 2

hyper-Na

Answer 2

irritability, stupor, coma

Question 3

hypo-K

Answer 3

U waves and flattened T waves on EKG, arrythmias, muscle cramps, spasm, weakness

Question 4

hyper-K

Answer 4

wide QRS and peaked T waves on EKG, arryhtmias, and muscle weakness

Question 5

hypo-Ca

Answer 5

tetany, seizures, QT prolongation, twitching, spasm

Question 6

hyper-Ca

Answer 6

stones (renal), bones (pain), groans (abdominal pain), thrones (increase urinary frequency), psychiatric overotnes (anxiety, AMS)

Question 7

hypo-Mg

Answer 7

tetany, torsades de pointes, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia (when [Mg] < 1.2)

Question 8

hyper-Mg

Answer 8

decrease DTRs, bradycardia, hypotension, cardiac arrest, hypocalcemia

Question 9

hypo-PO4

Answer 9

bone loss, osteomalacia (adults), rickets (children)

Question 10

hyper-PO4

Answer 10

renal stones, metastatic calcifications, hypocalcemia