Elbow, Wrist, Forearm, & Hand MMT

Question 1

Elbow flexion (biceps, brachialis, brachioradialis)

Answer 1

Biceps brachii: forearm in supination
Brachialis: forearm in pronation
Brachioradialis: forearm in disposition
Grades 3-5: Short sitting with arms at side
Grades 0 - 2: Short sitting with shoulder abducted to 90 degrees and elbow supported by examiner or table

Question 2

Elbow extension (triceps brachii)

Answer 2

Grades 3 - 5: Prone, shoulder in 90 degrees of abduction and 90 degrees of elbow flexion with forearm hanging off table
Grades 0 - 2: Short sitting with shoulder abducted to 90 degrees and elbow supported by examiner or table

Question 3

Forearm supination

Answer 3

Grades 3-5: Short sitting, arm at side and elbow flex to 90 degrees, forearm in pronation with forearm resting on table or elbow supported by examiner
Grades 0-2: short sitting with shoulder flexed between 45 - 90 degrees and elbow flexed to 90 degrees, forearm in neutral

Question 4

Forearm pronation

Answer 4

Grades 3-5: Short sitting, arm at side and elbow flex to 90 degrees, forearm in supination with forearm resting on table or elbow supported by examiner
Grades 0-2: short sitting with shoulder flexed between 45 - 90 degrees and elbow flexed to 90 degrees, forearm in neutral

Question 5

Wrist flexion (FCR and FCU)

Answer 5

Grades 3-5: short sitting, forearm supported on its dorsal surface on a table, forearm in supination
Grades 2: Short sitting with elbow supported on table, forearm in disposition with hand resting on ulnar side
Grades 0-1: Supinated forearm resting on the table

Question 6

Wrist extension (ECRL, ECRB, ECU)

Answer 6

Grades 3-5: Short sitting, elbow flexed, forearm pronated, both supported on table
Grade 2: Forearm supported on table in neutral position
Grades 0-1: Hand and forearm supported on table with hand fully pronated

Question 7

Fingers MP flexion (lumbricals and interossei)

Answer 7

Grades 3-5: short sitting or supine with forearm in supination, wrist in neutral, MPC joints fully extended, IP Joints flexed
Grades 0 - 2: Forearm and wrist in disposition, MP joints extended, IP joints flexed

Question 8

Finger PIP & DIP flexion (FDS & FDP)

Answer 8

Grades 3-5: Forearm supinated, wrist in neutral, finger to be tested in slight flexion at MP joint
Grades 0-2: Forearm in midposition

Question 9

Finger MP extension (ED, EI, EDM)

Answer 9

Grades 3-5: Forearm in pronation, wrist in neutral, MP and IP joints are. in relaxed flexion posture
Grades 0-2: Forearm in midposition

Question 10

Finger abduction (dorsal interossei)

Answer 10

Grades 0-5: forearm pronated, wrist in neutral, fingers start in ext and add. MP joints in neutral and avoid hyperextension

Question 11

Finger adduction (palmar interossei)

Answer 11

Grades 0-5: forearm pronated, wrist in neutral, fingers start in ext and add. MP joints in neutral and avoid flexion

Question 12

Thumb MP & IP flexion (FPB & FPL)

Answer 12

Grades 0-5: forearm in supination, wrist in neutral, CMC joint is at 0 degrees, IP joint is 0 degrees, thumb in add, lying relaxed adjacent to 2nd metacarpal

Question 13

Thumb abduction (APL & APB)

Answer 13

Grades 0-5: Forearm supinated and wrist in neutral; thumb relaxed in add

Question 14

Thumb adduction (adductor pollicis)

Answer 14

Grades 3-5: forearm in pronation, wrist in neutral, thumb relaxed and hang down in abduction
Grades 0-2: forearm in midposition, wrist in neutral, thumb in abd

Question 15

Opposition (OP, ODM)

Answer 15

Grades 0-5: forearm in supination, wrist in neutral, thumb in add with MP & IP flexion