Elbow, Wrist, & Forearm Goniometry

Question 1

Elbow flexion

Answer 1

Supine with towel under arm
F: lateral epicondyle of humerus
PA: lateral midline of humerus (acromion process)
DA: Lateral midline of radius (radial head and styloid process)
Normal ROM: 0-150
End feel: soft tissue approximation

Question 2

Elbow extension

Answer 2

Not usually tested
Normal ROM: 0
End feel: hard

Question 3

Forearm pronation

Answer 3

Short sitting: forearm in midposition/neutral resting on table with shoulder adducted to body, elbow at 90 degrees flexion
F: laterally and proximally to ulnar styloid process
PA: // to anterior midline of humerus
DA: dorsal aspect of forearm, just proximal to styloid processes of ulna and radius
Normal ROM; 0-80 degrees
End feel: hard or firm

Question 4

Forearm supination

Answer 4

Short sitting: forearm in midposition/neutral resting on table with shoulder adducted to body, elbow at 90 degrees flexion
F: medially and proximally to ulnar styloid process
PA: // to anterior midline of humerus
DA: ventral aspect of forearm, just proximal to styloid processes of ulna and radius
Normal ROM: 0-80 degrees
End feel: firm

Question 5

Wrist flexion

Answer 5

Short sitting: forearm in pronation resting on table with shoulder adducted to body, elbow at 90 degrees flexion
F: lateral aspect of triquetrum
PA: lateral midline of ulna (olecranon and ulnar styloid process)
DA: lateral midline of 5th metacarpal
Normal ROM: 0-75 degrees
End feel: firm

Question 6

Wrist extension

Answer 6

Short sitting: forearm in pronation resting on table with shoulder adducted to body, elbow at 90 degrees flexion
F: lateral aspect of triquetrum
PA: lateral midline of ulna (olecranon and ulnar styloid process)
DA: lateral midline of 5th metacarpal
Normal ROM: 0-70 degrees
End feel: firm

Question 7

Wrist radial deviation

Answer 7

Short sitting: forearm in pronation resting on the table, shoulder abducted to 90 degrees, elbow flexed to 90 degrees
F: dorsal aspect of capitate
PA: dorsal midline of forearm (lateral epicondyle)
DA: dorsal midline of 3rd metacarpal
Normal ROM: 0-25 degrees
End feel: hard

Question 8

Wrist ulnar deviation

Answer 8

Short sitting: forearm in pronation resting on the table, shoulder abducted to 90 degrees, elbow flexed to 90 degrees
F: dorsal aspect of capitate
PA: dorsal midline of forearm (lateral epicondyle)
DA: dorsal midline of 3rd metacarpal
Normal ROM: 0-40 degrees
End feel: firm