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Pharm Part II > E3-Toxicology/HeavyMetals(Powerman5000) > Flashcards

E3-Toxicology/HeavyMetals(Powerman5000) Flashcards

1
Q

Defined as the range of response per dose

􏰂 An individual may require a higher/lower dose to produce the desired effect

A

Biological Variation

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2
Q

Response of the patient to the drug is QUALITATIVELY different from the usual or expected response

A

drug idiocycracy

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3
Q

Geriatrics- Give (lower/higher)? dose

A

lower

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4
Q

A rapid development of tolerance…example?

A

TachYphylaxis-local anethesia

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5
Q

Dose of a drug that kills 50% of the total numbers of mice that received it

A

Lethal Dose (LD)

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6
Q

Dose of a drug that causes an effect in 50% of the total numbers of mice that received it

A

Effective Dose (ED)

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7
Q

Margin of safety = ?/?….Acceptable margin of safety is _____ or more

A

LD50/ED50… 2000

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8
Q

Also known as chronic toxicity studies
􏰂 Daily dosing to rats and dogs from 3 months
to 2 years
􏰂 Observe for toxicities, evaluate blood chemistries
􏰂 Sacrificed, then evaluate histopathology
􏰂 Many toxic effects appear only after repeated dosing over many months or years

A

long term toxicology

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9
Q

Theraputic Index = ?/?

A

TD50 (toxic) /ED50 (effective)

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10
Q

Study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of toxic parent compounds and metabolic products
􏰂 Used to predict the concentration of toxin that reaches the site of injury and the resulting damage

A

Toxicokinetics

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11
Q

There are 3 primary sites of absorption into the body:

A

– Gastrointestinal tract – Respiratory tract

– Skin

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12
Q

Rate of distribution to a particular tissue is related to the amount of ______ to the tissue

A

blood flow

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13
Q

Concentration of the toxin in each tissue is determined by the ______ of the toxin for the tissue

A

affinity

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14
Q

Cross cell membranes
– _____ soluble cross directly
– ______ soluble = cross through channels/pores through receptor-mediated mechanisms

A

Lipid…… Water

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15
Q

Toxins that are _____-soluble molecules (polar) have difficulty crossing the blood brain barrier

A

water

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16
Q

Occurs primarily in the _____ Process is called = detoxication….Nontoxic materials may be converted into toxic metabolites after undergoing metabolism in the _____
􏰂 Process is called = toxication

A

liver…liver

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17
Q

In summary, toxins can undergo 3 types of changes with metabolism (just like drugs):

A

(active to inactive)…(inactive to active)…(active to active)

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18
Q

Renal excretion of _____-soluble molecules

A

water

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19
Q

Lead = stored in _____ for decades following exposure

A

bones

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20
Q

DDE = a metabolite of the pesticide DDT stored for years in ____

A

FAT

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21
Q

Inhaled particulates = phagocytosed (engulfed) by macrophages, but may never be eliminated
– Found in _____ and _______ at autopsy

A

lung and lymph nodes

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22
Q

Reactive Species - Example __________
– Solvent used in cleaning products and in
fire extinguishers
– Not hepatotoxic in itself
– When metabolized by the liver, reacts with oxygen to form toxic organic free radicals
– These free radicals cause toxicity (renal toxicity, hepatotoxicity, liver cancer)

A

􏰂 Carbon tetrachloride

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23
Q

Nerve gases and pesticides are _________________

inhibitors

A

acetylcholinesterase

24
Q

______ binds to the heme iron in the active site of the enzyme cytochrome C oxidase; inhibition of this enzyme prevents the generation of ATP

A

CN-

25
Q

Receptor-Mediated
– ________ binds strongly to the iron in the active site of hemoglobin, preventing oxygen binding and reducing oxygen carrying capacity

A

Carbon monoxide

26
Q

Carcinogen = a chemical, physical or biological substance that can cause _________

A

transformation

27
Q

Most teratogens are ________ or ________

A

reactive species or metabolic inhibitors

28
Q

What is ________ toxicity?
􏰂 Examples:
– Targeting a protein that is unique to the
pathogen’s survival

A

selective

29
Q

Antifungal drugs are not good at ________ targeting

A

selective

30
Q

Everyone has about ___ micrograms of arsenic in body daily, but can tolerate it well

A

3

31
Q

“garlic breath” = able to diagnose this poisoning due to smell

A

arsenic

32
Q

Used for semiconductor manufacturing, increases hardness of lead, batteries, soldering materials, matches…. Used for the treatment of protozoan infections

A

antimony

33
Q

Samsung places in washing machine for
antibacterial effect on clothing…Kohler has _____ ions in new toilet seats….FDA approved endotracheal tube coated with ______ to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)

A

silver

34
Q

Bluish-grayish pigmentation of skin and mucous membranes (Smurf looking dude)

A

Argyria (silver tox)

35
Q

Pure gold is not _____

A

toxic

36
Q

Gold ____ are toxic to liver and kidneys

A

salts

37
Q

In 1800s, was in teething powders for infants and to treat toothaches

A

Merc

38
Q

With continuing exposure, a fine tremor develops and may escalate to violent muscular spasms. Tremor initially involves the hands and later spreads to the eyelids, lips, and tongue.

A

Merc

39
Q

________ mercury = corrosive to oral cavity and gut

– Used in dental amalgam – Kidney damage

A

INORGANIC

40
Q

Enzyme inhibitor in the production of heme

– Inhibits protoporphyrin IX; accumulation of aminolevulonic acid = diagnostic

A

Lead

41
Q

______ lines are visible in teeth in children – Dark line (gray) along gingiva

A

Lead

42
Q

Antidotes: combination calcium EDTA and dimercaprol..Combination better than either agent alone

A

Lead

43
Q

Historial uses: treatment of enlarged joints and glands

􏰀 Known to cause cancer

A

Cadmium

44
Q

Similar to lead poisoning; inhibits same processes as lead

A

Cadmium

45
Q

Complexes with trivalent ions (Ferric ions) to form ferrioxamine, which is removed by the kidneys

A

deferoxamine

46
Q

“pots and pans” senility

􏰀 Concern for association with Alzheimer’s disease (little to no evidence)

A

Aluminum

47
Q

Exposure from electronic, steel and mining industries

􏰀 Symptoms: dermatitis, nasal and respiratory cancer

A

Nickel

48
Q

Really the only slide that matters: Antidote?

– Arsenic, antimony, gold, mercury

A

Dimercaprol

49
Q

Really the only slide that matters: Antidote? Lead, cadmium

A

Calcium disodium edetate (EDTA)

50
Q

Really the only slide that matters: Antidote? Gold, mercury

A

Penicillamine

51
Q

Really the only slide that matters: Antidote? Iron and aluminum

A

Deferoxamine

52
Q

Really the only slide that matters: metal(s)? Dimercaprol (4)

A

Arsenic, antimony, gold, mercury

53
Q

Really the only slide that matters: metal(s)? Calcium disodium edetate (EDTA) (2)

A

Lead, cadmium

54
Q

Really the only slide that matters: metal(s)? Penicillamine (@)

A

Gold, mercury

55
Q

Really the only slide that matters: metal(s)? (2)

A

Iron and aluminum

Pharm Part II (28 decks)

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